帕梅拉·康拉德：氣候變化背景下的景觀設(shè)計(jì)師機(jī)遇

帕梅拉·康拉德：氣候變化背景下的景觀設(shè)計(jì)師機(jī)遇 | 前沿人物

Pamela Conrad: Opportunities for landscape architects in the context of climate change | Pioneer

▼帕梅拉·康拉德 

Pamela Conrad

CMG景觀事務(wù)所的首席設(shè)計(jì)師，氣候積極設(shè)計(jì)（Climate Positive Design）計(jì)劃發(fā)起人，致力于公共空間的韌性設(shè)計(jì)和氣候變化解決方案。2018年景觀基金學(xué)術(shù)獎(jiǎng)（Landscape Architecture Foundation Fellowship）獲得者，開(kāi)發(fā)景觀設(shè)計(jì)師版碳計(jì)算應(yīng)用程序和氣候積極設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)劃—這是她在全球范圍內(nèi)分享的一項(xiàng)廣泛推廣的研究產(chǎn)物。美國(guó)景觀設(shè)計(jì)師協(xié)會(huì)氣候行動(dòng)委員會(huì)的成員，于2019年被《舊金山商業(yè)時(shí)報(bào)》評(píng)為NCRE 有影響力的女性。

Pamela Conrad is a Principal at CMG Landscape Architecture and Founder of Climate Positive Design. Conrad focuses on climate mitigation and resilient design in the public realm. Her work is informed by a background in Plant Science and a passion for the environment rooted in growing up on a farm. She is an ASLA Climate Action Committee member, 2018-2019 LAF Fellow for Innovation and Leadership and recipient of the 2019 NCRE Women of Influence Award. She is a recipient of the 2018 Landscape Architecture Foundation Fellowship for the development of the award-winning Pathfinder landscape carbon calculator app and the Climate Positive Design Challenge.

受訪人帕梅拉·康拉德目前最重要的研究成果之一是“氣候積極設(shè)計(jì)”（Climate Positive Design）計(jì)劃中的應(yīng)用程序“探路者”（Pathfinder）。

這是一款用來(lái)計(jì)算景觀碳足跡并鼓勵(lì)固碳設(shè)計(jì)的免費(fèi)應(yīng)用程序，現(xiàn)已得到廣泛應(yīng)用，對(duì)于減少碳排放收效顯著。她認(rèn)為，景觀設(shè)計(jì)師有著非常重要且專(zhuān)業(yè)的貢獻(xiàn)，減少碳排放是一種責(zé)任，更是行業(yè)的機(jī)會(huì)。應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化不僅僅是依靠計(jì)算碳數(shù)字和應(yīng)用程序，更重要的是持續(xù)改變?nèi)藗兊南敕ǎ瑒?chuàng)造更多機(jī)會(huì)讓全民參與。我們有幸聽(tīng)她講述，她是如何從美國(guó)農(nóng)場(chǎng)女孩，到中國(guó)做設(shè)計(jì)師，并成為影響世界的女性！

成長(zhǎng)

Upbringing

《景觀設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)》：您可以簡(jiǎn)單地跟中國(guó)讀者分享下您的成長(zhǎng)和設(shè)計(jì)經(jīng)歷嗎？ 

帕梅拉：我1980年代出生于美國(guó)中部密蘇里州，在一個(gè)偏遠(yuǎn)的農(nóng)場(chǎng)里長(zhǎng)大，很慶幸兒時(shí)的我能在那里肆意奔跑和玩耍。我們飼養(yǎng)了很多的牲畜，因此每天都非常忙碌。這些經(jīng)歷培養(yǎng)了我基本的職業(yè)素養(yǎng)，也讓我從小就與自然產(chǎn)生了密不可分的聯(lián)系。我想這也是為什么我成為了一名景觀設(shè)計(jì)師——因?yàn)槲覠釔?ài)著這片土地，也深信我們有責(zé)任去關(guān)照這賴以生存的地球。

LA Frontiers: Could you briefly share your upbringing and design experience with Chinese readers? 

Pamela: I was born and raised on a farm in the middle of rural United States, in Missouri. I was very lucky because I could run around and play and get dirty on the farm. We had lots of animals and also lots of work to do. That is where I learned a very strong work ethic, but also developed a deep connection to nature. Ultimately, it's why I became a landscape architect – because I fell in love with the earth and felt our responsibility to take care of it. 

▼兒時(shí)在農(nóng)場(chǎng)生活的帕梅拉

Young Pamela on a farm

我很早就開(kāi)始工作了，由于我熱愛(ài)園藝，人生的第一份工作就是幫助鄰居們打理他們的花園。有一天，其中一個(gè)鄰居向我介紹了景觀設(shè)計(jì)師這門(mén)職業(yè)，她還給了我一本《景觀設(shè)計(jì)雜志》（美國(guó)景觀設(shè)計(jì)師協(xié)會(huì)1910年創(chuàng)辦的雜志，譯者注），并對(duì)我說(shuō)：“你將來(lái)可以做這個(gè)職業(yè)，而且一定會(huì)很出色。”當(dāng)時(shí)我們家還沒(méi)有人上過(guò)大學(xué)，因此我可能會(huì)成為家里的第一位大學(xué)生。

在高中時(shí)，我開(kāi)始在一個(gè)本地的景觀設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)里工作，并且是團(tuán)隊(duì)里唯一一位女性。我跟著男同事們一起做了很多繁重的體力活，大概十六七歲時(shí)，我已成為團(tuán)隊(duì)里最年輕的管理者。所以對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)，很多時(shí)候我做著與同齡女孩不一樣的事情，并且早已習(xí)慣了這種高強(qiáng)度的工作和各種挑戰(zhàn)。

到大學(xué)時(shí)我繼續(xù)朝著這個(gè)方向努力。我的第一個(gè)學(xué)位是“植物科學(xué)Plant Science”，因?yàn)槲蚁肓私庵参锖蜕鷳B(tài)系統(tǒng)背后的奧秘。這算是我跨入職業(yè)大門(mén)的第一步。之后我意識(shí)到，要想有更大范圍的影響力，我可能需要拓展在景觀設(shè)計(jì)方面的知識(shí)，因此我到洛杉磯的加州州立理工大學(xué)波莫納分校攻讀了景觀設(shè)計(jì)碩士。

我正式的職業(yè)起始點(diǎn)是在美國(guó)陸軍工兵部隊(duì)——一個(gè)美國(guó)聯(lián)邦政府機(jī)構(gòu)的實(shí)習(xí)，當(dāng)時(shí)的工作與我研究生時(shí)期在生態(tài)修復(fù)設(shè)計(jì)和大尺度濱水景觀設(shè)計(jì)的關(guān)注領(lǐng)域有關(guān)。為了學(xué)到更多的行業(yè)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，我開(kāi)始在SWA的工作，那是一段非常棒的經(jīng)歷，我參與了許多全球不同類(lèi)型的項(xiàng)目。

7年之后，我移居到舊金山并開(kāi)始在謝麗爾·巴頓事務(wù)所（Office of Cheryl Barton）工作。那是一個(gè)由女性主導(dǎo)、規(guī)模較小的精品事務(wù)所，即使在大蕭條期間也做了很多優(yōu)秀的公共項(xiàng)目。雖然我與他們的設(shè)計(jì)理念非常有共鳴，但當(dāng)我得知有機(jī)會(huì)幫助SWA在上海創(chuàng)辦分部時(shí)，我意識(shí)到去中國(guó)生活和工作并經(jīng)歷一種全新的文化將是一個(gè)多么難得的機(jī)會(huì)，它將是我人生的一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)。

我非常感激在中國(guó)工作的那段經(jīng)歷。我主要負(fù)責(zé)了“南京青奧會(huì)公園” （Nanjing Youth Olympic Park）項(xiàng)目。那是一個(gè)約40.5公頃的帶狀濱水公園。我花了非常多時(shí)間在水系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)上。雖然那只是項(xiàng)目中的一小部分，但舉足輕重——水系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)是為了通過(guò)一系列的濕地來(lái)凈化受污染的水質(zhì)。對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)，那是最有成就感的成果之一，即為生態(tài)系統(tǒng)和人們的健康提供生態(tài)效益，我覺(jué)得那是我回饋?zhàn)匀坏姆绞健?/strong>

I started working at a very young age. It began in my neighbors’ yards because I loved gardening. I would help them with landscape projects at their houses. At some point in time, one of those neighbors told me that landscape architecture was a profession, and she put a Landscape Architecture Magazine in front of me and said, “You can do this someday. You’d be great at it.” No one in my family had gone to college before, so I was a potential first-generation college graduate. 

In high school, I started working for a local landscape architect. At first, I worked in the nursery, but I realized I actually wanted to be outside and build landscapes. So I joined the crew. I was the only female. I did a lot of physical, hard labor, right alongside the men, and eventually was in charge of them at a very young age, maybe 16 or 17 years old. For me, I am used to hard work and overcoming challenges. Often times not involved in things that other girls in my age were doing. 

I continued working through college. My first degree was Plant Science. I wanted to appreciate the mystery behind plants and ecosystems. So that was my first step into the profession. Then I realized to make larger scale impacts I would need to expand my education with a Master of Landscape Architecture degree, which I received from California State Polytechnic University at Pomona, outside of Los Angeles. 

My connection to LA was because I interned at the Army Corps of Engineers, a federal agency in the United States. So that's where I started my career and found the work very complementary to my grad school degree, which focused on regenerative design and large-scale watershed management. Wanting to learn more, I started working at the SWA group. It was a really great place to get a lot of experience on different types of projects worldwide. 

Several years later, I moved to San Francisco and worked at the Office of Cheryl Barton, a smaller-scale women-owned office doing great public work, even through the Great Recession. While I deeply connected with the design ethos, when I learned of the chance to help SWA open a Shanghai office, I realized what a great opportunity it would be to live and work on projects in China and get to know an entirely new culture. It was one of those life-changing moments. 

I was grateful when I worked there to spend most of my time working on the Nanjing Youth Olympic Park project, which is a 100-acre waterfront project for the Youth Olympic games. It was a long riverfront, and I spent most of my time focusing on the design of the water systems. That was one small but important aspect of the park creation – designing it to treat the contaminated river water through a series of polishing wetlands. For me, that was one of the most fulfilling contributions – to provide ecological benefits to ecosystems and health benefits to people. I feel it is my way of giving back. 

▼南京青奧會(huì)公園

Nanjing Youth Olympic Park

8年前我加入了舊金山的CMG景觀設(shè)計(jì)事務(wù)所。我在這里的大部分時(shí)間都關(guān)注大尺度的再開(kāi)發(fā)或有關(guān)氣候變化的適應(yīng)性設(shè)計(jì)上。我經(jīng)歷了各種各樣類(lèi)型和尺度的項(xiàng)目，發(fā)揮了我所有的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，但幫助最大的還是我的生態(tài)知識(shí)背景。其中金銀島Treasure Island項(xiàng)目很有代表性，那是在美國(guó)舊金山灣一個(gè)人工島嶼的200多公頃規(guī)模的再開(kāi)發(fā)項(xiàng)目。為應(yīng)對(duì)海灣海平面上升，我們史無(wú)前例地提出了適應(yīng)性的混合功能開(kāi)發(fā)策略。金銀島四面環(huán)海，面臨著海平面上升的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，這個(gè)項(xiàng)目提供了一個(gè)很好的機(jī)會(huì)去探索合適的開(kāi)發(fā)規(guī)范，以及如何規(guī)劃該地區(qū)其他所有項(xiàng)目以適應(yīng)未來(lái)的海平面上升。

I joined CMG Landscape Architecture here in San Francisco, California about eight years ago. Most of my time at CMG has been focused on large-scale redevelopment or adaptation projects that respond to climate change impacts. I have worked on all kinds and scales of projects and carry forward all of my learned experiences, but what helps me to focus is my ecological background. The Treasure Island redevelopment project was a representative one. That's an over 500-acre redevelopment project on an artificial island in the middle of San Francisco Bay. The mixed-use project was the catalyst for new sea-level rise adaptation policies in the entire bay area, which didn't exist before. Because this large project is surrounded by water, knowing that sea-level rise is coming, it was an opportunity to learn about what regulation should be guiding developments and how to plan for all other projects in the region to adapt to future sea-level rise. 

▼金銀島項(xiàng)目鳥(niǎo)瞰

Bird’s eye view of Treasure Island

該項(xiàng)目包含了約120公頃以生態(tài)系統(tǒng)修復(fù)為核心的多種類(lèi)型公園、公共空間以及步道。我們與金銀島發(fā)展集團(tuán)（TIDG, Treasure Island Development Group）、金銀島開(kāi)發(fā)管理局（TIDA, Treasure Island Development Authority）以及當(dāng)?shù)胤菭I(yíng)利機(jī)構(gòu)環(huán)境正義掃盲機(jī)構(gòu)（LEJ, Literacy for Environmental Justice）和舊金山環(huán)境部（SFE, SF Department of the Environment）共同協(xié)作，在島上播種和栽植本地回收的植物和種子。最值得關(guān)注的是島上的苗圃，它通過(guò)適應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)匚夂虻木_種植試驗(yàn)來(lái)確保島上植物能成功存活。

我們團(tuán)隊(duì)還經(jīng)常進(jìn)行木材的再利用和回收，以最小化我們的碳足跡。許多為了恢復(fù)棲息地而被移除的入侵樹(shù)種被制成項(xiàng)目場(chǎng)地的景觀小品，以保持質(zhì)樸的特色，這種做法充分利用了島上的資源，并保留了儲(chǔ)存在樹(shù)木中的碳。這是我加入CMG以來(lái)一直在從事的一項(xiàng)大型項(xiàng)目。

過(guò)去四年，我負(fù)責(zé)了舊金山港口濱水空間的韌性規(guī)劃和城市設(shè)計(jì)（Port of San Francisco Waterfront Resilience Program）項(xiàng)目。我們與舊金山港口管理局（Port of San Francisco）、嘉科工程（Jacobs Engineering）和SITELAB城市設(shè)計(jì)事務(wù)所（SITELAB Urban Design Studio）合作，共同探討如何以適應(yīng)性設(shè)計(jì)去減小海平面上升和地震這兩種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)對(duì)12公里舊金山海岸線帶來(lái)的威脅。這樣的挑戰(zhàn)讓我們有機(jī)會(huì)去重新構(gòu)想更安全且對(duì)人類(lèi)友好的濱水區(qū)——改善濱水區(qū)的可達(dá)性、娛樂(lè)性，提供干凈的空氣、舒適的環(huán)境，以及支持生物多樣性并實(shí)現(xiàn)固碳的動(dòng)植物棲息地。所有這些好的事物都是來(lái)自于改變的需要，也更是機(jī)遇。

It includes 300 acres of all different types of parks and open spaces to trails that are more ecosystem restoration focused. We're collaborating with our client Treasure Island Development Group (TIDG) and the Treasure Island Development Authority (TIDA) along with a local grower Literacy for Environmental Justice (LEJ) and SF Department of the Environment (SFE) to grow and replant indigenous salvaged plants and seed on the island. One of the really interesting things to see is the on-site nursery. It helps to ensure the success of the plants by growing them in the exact micro-climate.

At CMG we've also done a lot of wood reuse and salvage to minimize our carbon footprint. Many of the invasive trees that were removed for habitat restoration purposes are being milled into site furnishings to maintain the rustic character, utilize the resources on the island, and retain the carbon stored in the wood. So that's one of the other big projects that I've been working on since joining CMG.

Over the last four years, I've also been helping lead the planning and urban design for the Port of San Francisco Waterfront Resilience Program. The scope includes working with the Port of San Francisco, Jacobs Engineering and SITELAB Urban Design Studio to understand how we can adapt to reduce the risk of sea level rise and earthquakes along 7.5 miles of San Francisco shoreline. The waterfront is at risk from both of those threats today. With this challenge exists the opportunity to reimagine the waterfront not only to be safer but to be better for people – to improve opportunities for all to have access and recreation, healthy air, comfort, and provide habitat that sequesters carbon and supports biodiversity. All these good things are coming out of the need for change, but we see it as the chance to make a better future for the San Francisco waterfront. 

▼舊金山港口濱水空間的韌性規(guī)劃和城市設(shè)計(jì)項(xiàng)目

Port of San Francisco Waterfront Resilience Program

▼舊金山港口濱水空間項(xiàng)目討論中的情景

Discussion of Port of San Francisco Waterfront Resilience Program

最近，我創(chuàng)立并領(lǐng)導(dǎo)了“氣候積極設(shè)計(jì)”（Climate Positive Design）計(jì)劃，該計(jì)劃正在我們的許多項(xiàng)目中得以實(shí)現(xiàn)，比如佐治亞州亞特蘭大周?chē)某鞘胁降老到y(tǒng)——亞特蘭大環(huán)線項(xiàng)目。這是一個(gè)很好的機(jī)會(huì)能與亞特蘭大環(huán)線公司（Atlanta BeltLine Inc.）和阿爾塔規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)公司（Alta Planning and Design）合作，對(duì)現(xiàn)階段的設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)行評(píng)估以減少碳足跡。

And most recently, I founded and lead the Climate Positive Design initiative, which is being implemented in many of our projects, including the Atlanta BeltLine, an urban trail system around Atlanta, Georgia. That has been an opportunity to work with a broad design team, including Atlanta BeltLine Inc. and Alta Planning and Design, on evaluating the current phase of design to improve its carbon footprint. 

▼“氣候積極設(shè)計(jì)”計(jì)劃

Climate Positive Design program

▼亞特蘭大環(huán)線部分鳥(niǎo)瞰 ??亞特蘭大會(huì)議與旅游局

Partial bird’s eye view of Atlanta BeltLine ?? Atlanta Convention & Visitors Bureau

探路者

Pathfinder

LAF：您目前最重要的研究成果之一是“氣候積極設(shè)計(jì)”計(jì)劃中的應(yīng)用程序“探路者”（Pathfinder），這是一款用來(lái)計(jì)算景觀碳足跡并鼓勵(lì)固碳設(shè)計(jì)的免費(fèi)應(yīng)用程序。自從投入使用以來(lái)，這款應(yīng)用程序和涉及的研究在世界范圍內(nèi)產(chǎn)生了什么影響呢？

帕梅拉：過(guò)去兩年里，已經(jīng)有500多個(gè)項(xiàng)目使用了“探路者”應(yīng)用程序并種植了大約160萬(wàn)棵樹(shù)。到2040年，那些項(xiàng)目將會(huì)封存更多的碳以減少碳排放。這意味著到2024年它們將封存約180萬(wàn)噸的碳，相當(dāng)于減少了40萬(wàn)輛汽車(chē)的排放量，這都是積少成多的。但我們明白，在氣候變化到最極端的狀態(tài)之前，這種影響與全球整體的碳預(yù)算息息相關(guān)。

LA Frontiers: One of the most important research outcomes of the Climate Positive Design is Pathfinder, a free application to calculate the landscape carbon footprint and encourage carbon sequestration design. So since the launch of this application, what is the influence of this tool and research around the world? 

Pamela: Over 500 projects that have been logged in the Pathfinder for the last two years are planting around 1.6 million trees. Those projects show that they're sequestering more carbon than they emit by the year 2040. That amount of sequestration beyond their project emissions by the year 2040 is about 1.8 million metric tons, equivalent to taking nearly 400,000 cars off the road. It's starting to tell us that when we incorporate these changes together around the world, they can really add up to make a difference. We can understand that impact in relation to the overall carbon budget left in the world before we surpass dangerous temperature tipping points. 

▼“氣候積極設(shè)計(jì)”計(jì)劃的部分研究成果：（從左至右）“探路者”應(yīng)用程序、網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源庫(kù)、“氣候積極設(shè)計(jì)”挑戰(zhàn)倡議

Part of research outcome of Climate Positive Design: (from left to right) Pathfinder app, Website resources, The Challenge

▼減少碳足跡的景觀設(shè)計(jì)策略：（從左至右）自行車(chē)道系統(tǒng)（bicycle infrastructure）、步行系統(tǒng)（walkability）、生物碳（biochar）、最大限度地減少土壤干擾（minimize soil disturbance）、當(dāng)?shù)?回收的材料（local/reclaimed materials）、水泥替代物（alternative cement）

Strategies for reducing carbon footprints: (from left to right) bicycle infrastructure, walkability, biochar, minimize soil disturbance, local/reclaimed materials, alternative cement

▼增加固碳的景觀設(shè)計(jì)策略：（從左至右）綠色屋頂/冷屋頂（green roofs/cool roofs）、竹子（bamboo）、草坪灌木（shrubs for lawn）、林地（forests）、水濱濕地（coastal wetlands）、海草（seagrasses）、紅樹(shù)林（mangroves）

Strategies for increasing sequestration: (from left to right) green roofs/cool roofs, bamboo, shrubs for lawn, forests, coastal wetlands, seagrasses, mangroves

我們的目標(biāo)是努力減緩地球逼近氣候變化拐點(diǎn)的速度，因?yàn)檫@是我們目前面臨的最大挑戰(zhàn)。由此，我們可以防止數(shù)十億人遭受?chē)?yán)重的高溫、洪水、干旱和火災(zāi)等氣候?yàn)?zāi)害。作為景觀設(shè)計(jì)師，我們可以有非常重要且專(zhuān)業(yè)的貢獻(xiàn)，因?yàn)槲覀児ぷ髦惺褂玫臉?shù)木、植被和設(shè)計(jì)，都涉及碳排放。這像是一種責(zé)任，也是我們行業(yè)的機(jī)會(huì)。

“氣候積極設(shè)計(jì)”計(jì)劃帶給我們的另一個(gè)啟發(fā)是更好地去理解我們現(xiàn)在的行為所產(chǎn)生的影響。目前，景觀設(shè)計(jì)中有約75%的碳排放來(lái)自我們使用的材料。這項(xiàng)研究讓我們看到了問(wèn)題，并去關(guān)注這些材料和產(chǎn)品。

有很多方法可以減少項(xiàng)目中的碳排放，比如利用水泥的替代品、使用本土材料以及在提取、制造和運(yùn)輸過(guò)程中都用含碳較少的材料，如使用木材或風(fēng)化的花崗巖而不是混凝土。這有助于我們了解當(dāng)前“習(xí)以為常”的行為所產(chǎn)生的影響，改變觀念，并充分發(fā)揮我們的職業(yè)特長(zhǎng)來(lái)探索機(jī)遇。

Our goal is to make a greater contribution in preventing those thresholds because that's the main challenge we're up against right now. By doing that, we can prevent billions of people from being exposed to severe heat, floods, drought, and fire. We can make significant professional contributions and are lucky that within our everyday design toolkit we have trees, plants, and landscapes that take carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. It partially feels like a responsibility, but it's also an opportunity for our profession. 

Another aspect that we are learning from Climate Positive Design is better understanding our existing impacts. Right now, about 75 % of all of our emissions in landscape architecture come from the materials that we use. It is very helpful to better understand this so we can target those items and products. 

There are many strategies to reducing our project carbon emissions, including using cement substitutions in concrete, using local materials, and materials that have lower embodied carbon in the extraction, manufacturing and transport like using wood or decomposed granite instead or concrete. It helps us to understand our current “business-as-usual” impacts, focus on what we can do, and get the most out of the changes that we're going to make as a profession.

▼利用耗碳較少的材料、減少景觀設(shè)計(jì)項(xiàng)目中的碳排放可以產(chǎn)生重要的影響

Using less carbon-intensive materials and reducing carbon emissions in landscape design projects can have an important impact

LAF：在這項(xiàng)研究中，您是否獲得了有關(guān)中國(guó)的使用者和成果的反饋？什么樣的人會(huì)使用這個(gè)“探路者”應(yīng)用程序，是設(shè)計(jì)師還是學(xué)者？什么樣的中國(guó)項(xiàng)目在使用它呢？

帕梅拉：自應(yīng)用程序投入使用以來(lái)，中國(guó)的使用量一直排在前10位。如今，中國(guó)已成為響應(yīng)“氣候積極設(shè)計(jì)”挑戰(zhàn)倡議項(xiàng)目最多的國(guó)家之一，躍居全球前5，可喜可賀！中國(guó)項(xiàng)目中包含學(xué)生作品、研究課題，以及設(shè)計(jì)成果。我們的確發(fā)現(xiàn)，隨著時(shí)間的推移，應(yīng)用程序的使用量越來(lái)越高。由此看來(lái)，我們就越能理解每個(gè)國(guó)家在氣候變化中的貢獻(xiàn)如何。我非常期待你們的支持和宣傳，以便有更多的中國(guó)景觀設(shè)計(jì)師能了解項(xiàng)目場(chǎng)地能利用的資源情況。

LA Frontiers: Do you have some research feedback about the users and outcomes from China? What kind of people use Pathfinder, designers or scholars, or any projects have been tried from China?

Pamela: China has been within the top ten of website users since the beginning. Today, China is in the top five countries globally that have submitted the most projects in the Climate Positive Design Challenge. That's really great to see. There is a mix of students and academic projects, also professional projects. We do find that the usage has increased over time. The more projects that are logged, the better we can understand each country’s contributions.I'm looking forward to your support in helping get the word out, so more landscape architects in China will know about the resources available to them and their projects. 

我看中國(guó)

The View of China

LAF：10年前，您在上海生活工作了2年半，這段經(jīng)歷我們想了解的更多一些，可以分享一些您對(duì)中國(guó)景觀設(shè)計(jì)行業(yè)的看法嗎？

帕梅拉：十年前我在中國(guó)時(shí)，景觀設(shè)計(jì)行業(yè)正在蓬勃發(fā)展。高校里有很多經(jīng)歷了專(zhuān)業(yè)培養(yǎng)的學(xué)生，但市場(chǎng)上的公司還沒(méi)有美國(guó)那么多。那時(shí)候是國(guó)際公司到中國(guó)開(kāi)拓市場(chǎng)并與本地設(shè)計(jì)機(jī)構(gòu)合作、分享經(jīng)驗(yàn)的窗口期。我們經(jīng)常一起合作，最后得到非常高質(zhì)量的設(shè)計(jì)成果。我認(rèn)為現(xiàn)在越來(lái)越多的中國(guó)和其他發(fā)展中國(guó)家的景觀設(shè)計(jì)師正在行業(yè)內(nèi)異軍突起。

LA Frontiers: 10 years ago, you lived and worked in Shanghai for 2.5 years. Could you share some deep thinking about the Chinese landscape architecture industry? 

Pamela: When I was there 10 years ago, landscape architecture seemed to be a growing profession in China. There were many students in school, but not as many firms as compared to the United States. It was an opportunity for international firms to work in China and collaborate with the local design institutes to share our lessons and experience. We always teamed up, then ultimately ensured that the projects were implemented with a high quality. I definitely see the increased presence of landscape architects from China and other developing countries around the world moving up into a higher level of design in the field. 

▼帕梅拉與SWA中國(guó)上海分部的同事們

Pamela and her colleagues of SWA’s Shanghai studio

▼帕梅拉在上海工作的情景

Pamela working in Shanghai

LAF：基于您的研究和工作經(jīng)歷，相比于美國(guó)的生態(tài)設(shè)計(jì)項(xiàng)目，您如何看待中國(guó)的項(xiàng)目？

帕梅拉：我看到中國(guó)已經(jīng)非常快地成功實(shí)施了很多優(yōu)秀項(xiàng)目，也非常高興能看到“海綿城市”這樣的理念能被落實(shí)。我所走訪的，尤其是上海的項(xiàng)目中，設(shè)計(jì)師的成果都非常出色。令人欽佩的是，中國(guó)的景觀設(shè)計(jì)師正在致力于修復(fù)河道，以確保人們可以喝到干凈的水，吃到安全健康的食物。我認(rèn)為這是在中國(guó)建立健康社區(qū)的一種趨勢(shì)或首要任務(wù)，這對(duì)于人口快速增長(zhǎng)的國(guó)家來(lái)說(shuō)非常重要。

但同時(shí)我認(rèn)為實(shí)現(xiàn)碳減排的目標(biāo)仍然充滿挑戰(zhàn)性，尤其對(duì)于發(fā)展中國(guó)家而言。許多項(xiàng)目都會(huì)大量種植植物并支持生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)，這些行為都會(huì)產(chǎn)生碳排放，提高人們對(duì)這點(diǎn)的認(rèn)識(shí)非常有意義。我們需要改變以往的習(xí)慣認(rèn)知，首先要認(rèn)識(shí)到項(xiàng)目中使用的每一種材料都一定的溫室氣體排放量，這是事實(shí)，也是問(wèn)題，也是我們?nèi)y(cè)量碳排放的原因。

LA Frontiers: Based on your research and work experience, what do you think about Chinese ecological projects compared with the design practices in the US? 

Pamela: I've seen many wonderful projects installed in China, and very quickly too. It is great to see the concept of “Sponge Cities” being implemented. Designers have done a lot of impressive work around projects that I visited, especially in Shanghai. It is admirable seeing landscape architects in China restoring waterways to help make sure that people have clean water to drink, clean food to eat, and are safe and healthy. I see that as a trend or priority of making healthy communities in China, which is important to support while countries and populations grow quickly. As far as I can tell, China seems to be heading in the right direction.

But I think it is still challenging, especially for developing countries, to meet our emissions reduction goals. While it seems that many projects are heavily planted and support ecosystem services, it is helpful to raise awareness about the emissions that come from our work so we can improve that aspect. It starts with recognizing every material installed has associated greenhouse gas emissions. That's something that we all need to tackle really understand. And that's why we're measuring it. 

未來(lái)的美國(guó)

The Future of U.S.

LAF：您參加了2021年美國(guó)景觀設(shè)計(jì)師（ASLA）年度大會(huì)，請(qǐng)?jiān)u價(jià)一下？這屆大會(huì)相比前一年有何不同？

帕梅拉：2021年的ASLA大會(huì)上，我與來(lái)自Sasaki的克里斯托弗·哈迪·吳（Christopher Hardy-Ng）和來(lái)自荒野景觀設(shè)計(jì)事務(wù)所（Wildland Workshop）的狄安娜·林恩（Deanna Lynn）一起參加了一個(gè)小組討論。我匯報(bào)的重點(diǎn)是我們作為一個(gè)集體性的職業(yè)可以產(chǎn)生的全球影響力。“IFLA氣候行動(dòng)工作小組”（IFLA Climate Action Working Group）的主席柯恰空沃·拉克姆（Kotchakorn Voraakhom）作為代表參加了2021年聯(lián)合國(guó)氣候變化大會(huì)（COP26）。我在小組討論中分享了大會(huì)的成果，即由來(lái)自全球77個(gè)國(guó)家的7萬(wàn)多名景觀設(shè)計(jì)師聯(lián)合發(fā)起的一份積極承諾，并支持由“建筑2030”（Architecture 2030）制定的“1.5° COP26公報(bào)”（1.5° COP26 Communique）。

我們還討論了減少排放、封存更多的碳以及詳細(xì)了解有關(guān)土壤和碳的設(shè)計(jì)策略。這是一個(gè)非常復(fù)雜的主題——碳封存該如何運(yùn)作，以及土壤如何封存和儲(chǔ)存碳。討論還涉及一些關(guān)于碳和混凝土的精彩內(nèi)容，以及改善這些影響的策略。

我們需要持續(xù)改變?nèi)藗兊南敕ǎ磻?yīng)對(duì)氣候變化不僅僅是只是依靠計(jì)算碳數(shù)字和應(yīng)用程序。這是一場(chǎng)氣候危機(jī)，我們需要認(rèn)識(shí)到，我們可以通過(guò)“氣候積極設(shè)計(jì)”計(jì)劃提供的幫助，保護(hù)受氣候變化影響最大的群體——人類(lèi)和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。

每個(gè)景觀設(shè)計(jì)師都可以貢獻(xiàn)一份力，并且有很多機(jī)會(huì)讓全民參與。

LA Frontiers: As you have joined the 2021 ASLA Conference, what do you think about the conference? Is that different from the one held last year?

Pamela: This past year I joined a panel with Christopher Hardy-Ng from Sasaki and Deanna Lynn from the Wildland Workshop. My focus was on the global impacts that we can make as a collective profession. I shared outcomes from COP26, where Kotchakorn Voraakhom, the IFLA Climate Action Working Group Chair presented at the COP on our behalf. The active commitment unites over 70,000 landscape architects around the world from 77 nations and supports the 1.5 ° COP26 Communique developed by Architecture 2030. 

We also talked about design strategies to reduce emissions, sequester more carbon, and get into the details about soil and carbon. It's a very complex subject – how carbon sequestration works, and how soil sequesters and stores carbon. There were also some great conversations about carbon and concrete, along with strategies to improve that impact. 

We need to keep improving the message that climate change is not just about counting carbon numbers and calculator apps. We're really trying to help people and ecosystems at the end of the day. This is a climate crisis, and it's important to recognize all the other co-benefits that we can provide with Climate Positive Design. With these approaches, our goal is to help protect communities that will be the most impacted by climate change.

Every landscape architect can do something to help and there's a lot of space for people to get involved. 

▼“IFLA氣候行動(dòng)工作小組”（IFLA Climate Action Working Group）的主席柯恰空沃·拉克姆（Kotchakorn Voraakhom）（右1）參加2021年聯(lián)合國(guó)氣候變化大會(huì)

The IFLA Climate Action Working Group Chair, Kotchakorn Voraakhom (1st on the right), on COP26

跨學(xué)科的難

Inter disciplinary Difficulty

LAF：您在多學(xué)科的研究、設(shè)計(jì)合作中溝通自如嗎？是否感受到了無(wú)法克服的障礙？ 

帕梅拉：長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)，我的部分工作就是去試圖打破不同學(xué)科之間的隔閡。最近我們正在與“建筑2030”密切合作。他們就如何改善全球建筑的碳影響給我們提供了指導(dǎo)。

此外，我還在努力幫助景觀設(shè)計(jì)師在室外和自然環(huán)境中做相類(lèi)似的事情，并開(kāi)始與來(lái)自結(jié)構(gòu)、機(jī)械、電器和管道的工程師合作。COP26的理念本就是跨學(xué)科的，只是以整個(gè)建成環(huán)境作為統(tǒng)一理念。我們現(xiàn)在達(dá)成一致要共同協(xié)作，繼續(xù)努力。

目前，我們可以展示我們是如何解決城市建成環(huán)境中75%的全球溫室氣體排放量。其中40%來(lái)自建筑物，建筑師和結(jié)構(gòu)工程師正在研究這些。另外的約35%來(lái)自建筑物外部。這是景觀設(shè)計(jì)師、規(guī)劃師和土木工程師負(fù)責(zé)的部分。我們應(yīng)該共同努力來(lái)改進(jìn)這一部分。

LA Frontiers: Can you communicate very smoothly with each other? There might be a gap between the research and design and also the interdisciplinary cooperation and policy. Do you have a consensus? 

Pamela: Part of the work that I've been doing is trying to break down the silos between the different disciplines. We're working closely now with Architecture 2030 in particular. They provide leadership on how to improve the carbon impacts of buildings worldwide. 

I'm working to help landscape architects do the same with the exterior built and natural environments, and we're also starting to collaborate with engineers from structural to mechanical, electrical and plumbing. The COP 26 message was intentionally inter-disciplinary and framed as a unified message from the entire built environment. We have now a commitment to work together, and we'll continue to do that. 

We can now show how we're addressing the 75% of global greenhouse gas emissions that are coming from the urban built environment. About 40 % of those are from the building, and architects and structural engineers are working on those. The other 35% comes from outside of buildings. That's a space for landscape architects, planners, and civil engineers. We should work together to improve that. 

▼城市建成環(huán)境中有75%的全球溫室氣體排放量，其中約35%的排放量來(lái)自建筑外部

75% of global greenhouse gas emissions coming from the urban built environment, 35% of them coming from outside of buildings.

在研究方面，從自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中獲得有關(guān)活性生物碳封存的有效數(shù)據(jù)始終最具挑戰(zhàn)性。我們一直在收集最好的、經(jīng)過(guò)嚴(yán)格篩選的信息，以便在“探路者”數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中使用，這仍需要進(jìn)行更多的研究。

我們一直需要更多經(jīng)過(guò)科學(xué)驗(yàn)證和同行評(píng)審的數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)指導(dǎo)我們的工作。這是一種直接與學(xué)術(shù)界合作的開(kāi)放態(tài)度。一旦實(shí)現(xiàn)，我們可以更容易地將研究成果納入我們?cè)谑澜绺鞯氐脑O(shè)計(jì)工作中。因此我們必須去尋找更多的合作。

另一種方式是，制造商和供應(yīng)商可以向我們提供環(huán)境產(chǎn)品聲明（EPDs, Environmental Product Declarations），呈現(xiàn)材料或產(chǎn)品相關(guān)的碳排放量。一旦我們將該數(shù)值列為按照二氧化碳當(dāng)量（CO2e）測(cè)量的全球變暖潛能值（GWP, Global Warming Potential），我們就可以將其導(dǎo)入“探路者”應(yīng)用程序并不斷擴(kuò)展數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)。但在人們開(kāi)始提供這些信息之前，一切都是未知。從排放的角度來(lái)看，我們對(duì)一些情況無(wú)法評(píng)判，除非人們將數(shù)據(jù)透明公開(kāi)化。

我的確發(fā)現(xiàn)更多真正開(kāi)放的合作正在進(jìn)行中，但還需要我們做更多的工作。

In terms of the research, it has been challenging to get good data on active bio-genic carbon sequestration from natural ecosystems especially. We've been collecting the best and most well-vetted information to use in the Pathfinder database. But more research still needs to be done. 

We all need more scientifically proven and peer-reviewed data to inform our work. That's an openness to collaborate directly with academia. Once available, we can more readily pull that into our design work around the world. We must make space for more collaboration. 

But the other way is that manufacturers and suppliers can develop and provide us with Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) that disclose the emissions associated with making materials or products. Once we have that number listed as the Global Warming Potential (GWP) measured in carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e), we can plug it into the Pathfinder app and continuously expand the database. But until people start providing that information, it's still a black box to us. We don't know how good or how bad something is from an emissions standpoint unless people are willing to make it more transparent. 

I do see that more collaboration is happening and there's a real openness for it. But we must do more.

持續(xù)提問(wèn)

Suggestions

LAF：不是每一個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)師都可以像您一樣擁有全球化的視野、為公眾設(shè)計(jì)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和多樣的設(shè)計(jì)技能。您能給年輕的設(shè)計(jì)師們分享一些建議嗎？以及告誡他們?cè)诼殬I(yè)生涯中應(yīng)該注意些什么？

帕梅拉：我是一個(gè)有些固執(zhí)的人，當(dāng)有人告訴我不能做某事時(shí)，我也會(huì)變得沮喪。但如果有內(nèi)在堅(jiān)定的信念并積極探索，外面的世界會(huì)有非常多的機(jī)遇。在中國(guó)生活的那段經(jīng)歷對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)非常棒，讓我能從不同的角度看世界。

現(xiàn)在，即使我回到了美國(guó)，我仍然把世界當(dāng)做一個(gè)整體來(lái)思考。我也十分鼓勵(lì)那些能有機(jī)會(huì)出國(guó)留學(xué)或在其他國(guó)家工作的人們，因?yàn)槲覀円谌蚍秶鷥?nèi)合作共贏，而景觀設(shè)計(jì)師更是一個(gè)全球性的職業(yè)。我們生活在同一個(gè)時(shí)空，面臨著同樣的氣候變化問(wèn)題。我認(rèn)為，對(duì)于我們的職業(yè)來(lái)說(shuō)，擴(kuò)展我們的思維方式并更多地在全球范圍內(nèi)思考問(wèn)題非常重要。

對(duì)于年輕一代的景觀設(shè)計(jì)師來(lái)說(shuō)，我不會(huì)勸你專(zhuān)注于學(xué)習(xí)你現(xiàn)在這個(gè)行業(yè)里能學(xué)到的技能。相反，我會(huì)期待你更多地關(guān)注全球的問(wèn)題，并以不同的方式思考這個(gè)世界需要景觀設(shè)計(jì)師做什么，以及10年或20年后社會(huì)的需要。然后，你可以專(zhuān)注于如何實(shí)現(xiàn)那個(gè)目標(biāo)，并注重培養(yǎng)自己的職業(yè)發(fā)展優(yōu)勢(shì)。

所有這些都要始于真正開(kāi)放的心態(tài)，學(xué)會(huì)傾聽(tīng)、觀察、實(shí)踐、探索并且理解我們?cè)谑澜缟嫌龅降膹?fù)雜問(wèn)題是什么。景觀設(shè)計(jì)師可以扮演許多不同的角色，如市長(zhǎng)或者政策制定者。我認(rèn)為可以在非傳統(tǒng)職位上聘用更多的景觀設(shè)計(jì)師，這將有助于整個(gè)行業(yè)的提升。

此外，去思考知識(shí)空白是什么？我創(chuàng)建了“探路者”應(yīng)用程序，因?yàn)樗俏覀冞@個(gè)行業(yè)所需要的東西。這是我填補(bǔ)上的空白。所以，持續(xù)地提問(wèn)，當(dāng)你看到有類(lèi)似知識(shí)空白時(shí)，請(qǐng)不要放棄它。

LA Frontiers: Not every designer can experience things like you with a global view, public design experience, and different skills. Would you mind giving some advice for young landscape architects in their careers? What should they pay much attention to?

Pamela: Being a little stubborn and determined, I have a hard time when someone tells me I can’t do something. Part of that comes naturally from within. There are also lots of opportunities out there if you look for them. Living in China was a great experience for me to see the world from a different perspective.

Now, even though I'm back in the United States, I still think about the world as a whole. There are opportunities for people to study abroad, to work in other countries. It is something I definitely encourage because we're operating at a global scale, and landscape architecture is a global profession. We all live in the same era and share the same issues of climate change right now. I think it's important for our profession to expand our mindsets and think more globally. 

For the next generation of landscape architects, I wouldn't focus on learning the skills you see being taught right now in the profession. Instead, I would pay more attention to the issues around the globe and thinking differently about what the world needs from landscape architects and what will be needed in 10 years or 20 years. Then, you can focus on how to get there, build your strengths, and evolve the profession.

It starts by being really open, listening, watching, going, exploring, and understanding what these complex issues are that we have in the world. Landscape architects can play many different roles, like mayors or policymakers. I think that we could use more landscape architects in non-traditional positions that can help elevate the profession. 

Also, where are there gaps in knowledge? I created the Pathfinder app because it was something that we needed as a profession. It was a gap that I filled. Keep asking questions, and when you see something like that, don’t give up on it.

采訪人

Interviewer

佘依爽：《景觀設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)》期刊編輯部主任

閆   露：《景觀設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)》期刊兼職編輯，皇家墨爾本理工大學(xué)博士研究生

Yishuang She：Director of the Editorial Department at Landscape Architecture Frontiers,

Lu Yan (Rita)：Part-time editor at Landscape Architecture Frontiers, PhD student at the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT).

記錄人

Recorder

申瑞琪：《景觀設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)》兼職編輯，澳洲Arcadia景觀設(shè)計(jì)事務(wù)所景觀/城市設(shè)計(jì)師。

Ruiqi Shen (Rick)：Part-time editor in Landscape Architecture Frontiers, Landscape Architect/Urban Designer at Arcadia Landscape Architecture.

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