美國方塔納城市綠化總體規劃設計 | DESIGNWORKSHOP

方塔納市位于美國加利福尼亞州內陸半干旱地區，居住環境空氣質量要劣于加州95%的人口普查區。另外，方塔納的森林覆蓋率僅0.36%，明顯低于洛杉磯盆地的其他城市。這些統計數據可能預示著更大的風險，因為該市鄰近主要交通廊道和重要工業中心，頻繁發生區域野火，且預計人口將持續增長，然而其景觀規劃卻過時而松散，難以應對發展壓力。

Landlocked within California’s semi-arid Inland Empire, residents of Fontana are exposed to air quality that is worse than 95% of census tracts in California. Its urban forest – a mere 0.36% coverage – is distinctly less than other communities in Los Angeles Basin. This statistic, when considered with the influence of major transportation corridors, notable industrial hubs, frequent regional wildfires, and projected population growth, is at further risk as outdated and unconsolidated landscape regulations face increased development pressures.

▼方塔納的樹冠覆蓋率明顯低于加州其他地區 

Tree canopy distinctly less that other communities ? Southern California Association of Governments

方塔納市和南加州政府協會(SCAG) 在意識到這些統計數據背后的危機后，委托景觀設計師進行城市綠化總體規劃，實現增加全市冠層，改善多模式交通，促進經濟發展，整合各種規程，并更新政策以改善城市風貌，節約用水和減少維護等目標。此外，景觀設計師還進一步探索了如何通過規劃直接改善空氣質量。

規劃創造了多尺度的綠色基礎設施愿景，從而影響城市發展模式，改善個體健康，提高生活品質，并為社區和整個盆地創造更具彈性的未來。

Recognizing these statistics, the City of Fontana and The Southern California Association of Governments (SCAG) commissioned the landscape architect to craft an Urban Greening Master Plan to increase citywide tree canopy, improve multi-modal mobility, catalyze economic development, consolidate various regulations, and update policies to improve visual character, conserve water and reduce maintenance. Beyond such goals, the landscape architect elevated the project’s purpose to explore how such a plan can directly improve air quality.

The Plan creates a multi-scalar, green infrastructure vision that influences development patterns, improves individual health and quality of life, and creates a more resilient future for the community and greater Basin.

▼區域背景 

Regional context ? Design Workshop, Inc.

在單棵樹尺度上

At the Individual Tree Scale 

景觀設計師使用i-Tree和國家樹木效益計算器（National Tree Benefits Calculator，NTBC）對該市現有的71574棵行道樹進行了初步分析，并對不同樹種確立量化效益，包括:1)大氣碳吸收量；2)暴雨截流能力；3)地產增值效益；4)節能效果和5)年度經濟效益。如今，方塔納的行道樹每年能帶來680萬美元的收益。在社區的參與下，景觀設計師和樹木學家將這些措施與其他環境因素綜合起來，形成了獨特的樹木種植配方。

The landscape architect conducted an initial analysis of the city’s 71,574 existing street trees using the i-Tree and National Tree Benefits Calculator. Quantitative benefits, including 1) Atmospheric Carbon Absorption; 2) Stormwater Interception; 3) Property Value Increase; 4) Energy Conservation; and 5) Annual Dollar Benefits, were identified for individual species. Today, Fontana’s street tree inventory accounts for $6.8 million of annual benefits. With community input, the landscape architect and arborist synthesized these measures with other environmental considerations and produced a distinct tree palette.

▼城市綠化及空氣質量研究 

Urban greening and air quality study ? Southern California Association of Governments

在場地尺度上

At the Site Scale

除了推薦單個樹種，設計團隊還思考了如何將城市綠化融入城市形態。景觀設計師從每個層級的街道與土地類型中選出部分街道與示范區優先進行設計，在優化功能的同時最大限度地發揮城市綠化潛力。隨后對每種類型在場景改造前后的差異進行考察，評價指標包括冠層覆蓋度、景觀面積、透水和不透水面積以及溫室氣體減少量等。

Advancing beyond recommending individual species, the team considered how to integrate urban greening into urban morphology. The landscape architect selected a series of priority streets covering all street hierarchies and example sites from each land-use typology, then applied designs that maximized potential for urban greening while optimizing function. Each typology was then measured in before and after scenarios. Metrics include canopy coverage, landscape area, permeable and impermeable surface, and greenhouse gas reduction.

▼步行友好的混合街區 

Walkable Mixed-use ? Southern California Association of Governments

在全市尺度上

At the Citywide Scale

規劃的研究范圍從場地尺度擴展到全市，建立了未來實施的市域性框架，包括綠色街道和綠色場所等。綠色街道是由最佳愿景下的街道、經過綠化的高速公路和城市門戶共同組成的綠色系統網絡。綠色場所則包括所有土地類型的最佳愿景。

Taking the site-scale studies to a citywide scale, the Plan established a citywide - framework for future implementation. The framework incorporates green streets and green places. Green streets are composed of best scenarios of all street types, vegetated highways and gateways, achieving a connected green system. Green places include best scenarios of all land use typologies.

▼綠色街道-謝拉大街 

Green street-Sierra Avenue ? Southern California Association of Governments

▼綠色街道-山麓大道 

Green street-Foothill Boulevard ? Southern California Association of Governments

▼各種類型的綠色場所 

Green places ? Southern California Association of Governments

總之，在雙語社區的參與下，設計團隊實施了四步規劃過程——發現、指導、優先排序和實施。這個適用于其他社區的規劃預計在2050年將樹冠覆蓋率提高到5%，即實現超過1300%的轉型增長，這一遠大目標很快就推動了政策的改變。如今，規劃被納入總體規劃的一部分，通過一致而富有遠見的指導，強化對政策的支持，從而改變方塔納的建成環境。

In summary, through bilingual community engagement, the design team implemented a four-step planning process – Discover, Guide, Prioritize, and Implement. Transferable in its approach for other communities, the Plan achieved immediate policy change with its ambitious, long-term goal of increasing tree canopy coverage to 5% by 2050 – a transformational increase of over 1300%. Today, the Plan is becoming adopted as part of the General Plan, achieving a consolidated, visionary and policy-reinforced guide to transform Fontana’s built environment.

▼四步規劃過程 

Planning process ? Design Workshop, Inc.

_項目標題 

_{空氣質量，場所營造和空間平等：方塔納城市綠化總體規劃 | Design Workshop, Inc.} 

_項目信息 

_{項目名稱：空氣質量，場所營造和空間平等：方塔納城市綠化總體規劃}

_{項目地點：Fontana, California, USA  方塔納，加利福尼亞，美國}

_{設計公司：Design Workshop, Inc.} 

_{交通規劃：Nelson\Nygaard}

_{灌溉設計：Hines Inc.} 

_{種植設計：Class One Arboriculture}

_{委托方：Southern California Association of Governments and the City of Fontana} 

_{圖片來源：Design Workshop, Inc.}

_{所獲獎項：2021 WLA 2021 概念-分析&規劃 WLA Conceptual - Analysis & Planning}

_{Project Name: Air Quality, Placemaking and Spatial Equity: The Fontana Urban Greening Master Plan}

_{Location: Fontana, California, USA} 

_{Client/Owner: Southern California Association of Governments and the City of Fontana}

_{Landscape Architecture/Urban Planning: Design Workshop, Inc.}

_{Kurt Culbertson, FASLA (Principal)}

_{Jason Ficht (Project Manager)} 

_{Xiaojian Fan (Landscape Designer)}

_{Chen Liu (Landscape Designer)}

_{Transportation Planning: Nelson\Nygaard, Los Angeles, CA} 

_{Irrigation Design:Hines Inc. Fort Collins, CO}

_{Arborist: Class One Arboriculture, Glendale, CA}

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_{投稿郵箱：info@landscape.cn}

_{項目咨詢：18510568018（微信同號）}