《景觀設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)》2023年第6期

城市綠地夜景游覽體驗(yàn)：人工照明和月光的對(duì)比

Moonlight vs. Artificial Light: A Comparative Study on Visitors’ Experiences of Nightscape Within Urban Green Spaces

作者：趙警衛(wèi)，劉東瑜，鄧淑惠 Jingwei ZHAO, Dongyu LIU, Shuhui DENG

摘要

提高城市綠地夜景質(zhì)量，從而提升人們的游覽體驗(yàn)，對(duì)于發(fā)揮城市綠地的功能、促進(jìn)居民健康具有重要作用。然而，當(dāng)前設(shè)計(jì)師對(duì)于綠地夜景的關(guān)注主要集中在人工照明上，月光等自然光照幾乎被忽略。本研究在11個(gè)城市綠地樣地上分別拍攝了夜晚熄燈前后的對(duì)比照片，并以在校大學(xué)生為評(píng)價(jià)人員，分別評(píng)價(jià)了城市綠地熄燈前后夜景的五種游覽體驗(yàn)。研究結(jié)果顯示，無(wú)論在半月還是滿月條件下，熄燈前的各種游覽體驗(yàn)均優(yōu)于熄燈后；在滿月條件下，熄燈前安全性和游覽意愿顯著大于熄燈后，而美學(xué)價(jià)值、身心放松程度、趣味性在熄燈前后沒(méi)有顯著差異；在半月條件下，熄燈前后的美學(xué)價(jià)值沒(méi)有顯著差異，其他四種游覽體驗(yàn)熄燈前皆顯著高于熄燈后。本研究的上述結(jié)論可為在城市綠地設(shè)計(jì)中引入月光等自然光照提供理論依據(jù)。

關(guān)鍵詞

城市綠地；夜景；人工照明；月光；游覽體驗(yàn)；光污染；比較研究

Abstract 

Enhancing the nighttime environment of urban green spaces to improve visitor’s experiences plays a pivotal role in realizing the full functional potential of these spaces and promoting the health and well-being of residents. However, the predominant focus of designers tends to be on artificial illumination within nightscapes, often overshadowing the consideration of natural lights such as moonlight. In this study, a total of 44 photographs of nightscapes with and without artificial lights at half- and full-moon nights respectively were taken using digital cameras at 11 sample sites of urban green spaces. Scored by college students, these photographs were assessed according to visitors’ experience in five dimensions. The results indicated that at both half- and full-moon nights, the average scores of the five experience dimensions in artificial lights were higher compared with moonlight conditions. However, at full-moon night, no significant difference in aesthetic preference, relaxation, and interestingness between artificial light and moonlight conditions was found; whereas, in terms of safety and willingness to visit, the scores under artificial light condition were significantly higher than those under moonlight. At half-moon night, there was no significant difference in aesthetic preference between artificial light and moonlight conditions, but the other four experience dimensions were significantly higher under the artificial light condition. These findings provide a theoretical basis to support the reintroduction of moonlight into urban green spaces.

Keywords

Urban Green Space; Nightscape; Artificial Light; Moonlight; Visitors’ Experience; Light Pollution; Comparative Study

基于田園空間博物館理念的桑基魚塘農(nóng)業(yè)文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)研究——以浙江省湖州市荻港村為例

Research on Mulberry-dyke & Fish-pond Agricultural Heritage Protection Based on the Concept of Rural Environmental Museum—Case Study on Digang Village in Huzhou City, Zhejiang Province

作者：馬蕊，高一菲，杜爽，范宇翔 Rui MA, Yifei GAO, Shuang DU, Yuxiang FAN

摘要

自2002年啟動(dòng)以來(lái)，全球重要農(nóng)業(yè)文化遺產(chǎn)項(xiàng)目一直備受國(guó)際遺產(chǎn)學(xué)界的廣泛關(guān)注。目前，中國(guó)的全球重要農(nóng)業(yè)文化遺產(chǎn)項(xiàng)目總數(shù)雖已位居世界前列，但其中大部分仍存在價(jià)值闡釋與展示不足、保護(hù)與利用模式難以持續(xù)等問(wèn)題。本文首先借鑒田園空間博物館方法論，建立桑基魚塘全球重要農(nóng)業(yè)文化遺產(chǎn)的多尺度保護(hù)框架。進(jìn)而以浙江省湖州市荻港村桑基魚塘農(nóng)業(yè)文化遺產(chǎn)項(xiàng)目為例，在厘清保護(hù)現(xiàn)狀的基礎(chǔ)上提出分層級(jí)的保護(hù)策略：宏觀層面提煉遺產(chǎn)地域價(jià)值，劃定價(jià)值闡釋范圍；中觀層面確定遺產(chǎn)資源展示序列，建立價(jià)值展示分級(jí)設(shè)施體系；微觀層面強(qiáng)化日常景觀地方感，促進(jìn)社區(qū)日常活動(dòng)融入遺產(chǎn)空間。基于上述保護(hù)策略形成的從價(jià)值闡釋到空間規(guī)劃的操作路徑可為其他農(nóng)業(yè)文化遺產(chǎn)的保護(hù)實(shí)踐提供借鑒。

關(guān)鍵詞

全球重要農(nóng)業(yè)文化遺產(chǎn)；田園空間博物館；荻港村；桑基魚塘；遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)；農(nóng)業(yè)景觀

Abstract 

Since the initiation in 2002, the Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) have attracted widespread attention from the international heritage community. Although the total number of GIAHS projects in China has ranked among the top in the world, most of these heritage sites still face challenges of insufficient value interpretation and presentation, as well as unsustainable protection and utilization. This research draws on the concept of rural environmental museum to establish a multi-scale protection framework for Mulberry-dyke & Fish-pond GIAHS. Taking the mulberry-dyke & fish-pond agricultural heritage in Digang Village of Huzhou City in Zhejiang Province as an example, layered protection strategies were proposed considering its current status. At the macro-scale, delineate the heritage interpretation scope according to the refined regional cultural identity; at the meso-scale, build a graded facility system for heritage value display according to the determined display sequence; at the micro-scale, enhance the sense of place in daily landscapes and integrate daily community activities into heritage spaces. This path from heritage value interpretation to spatial planning can provide reference for related protection practice of other GIAHS projects.

Keywords

Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System (GIAHS); Rural Environmental Museum; Digang Village; Mulberry-dyke & Fish-pond System; Heritage Protection; Agricultural Landscape

德國(guó)漢堡歷史水利設(shè)施的適應(yīng)性轉(zhuǎn)型：從保障公共衛(wèi)生的關(guān)鍵基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施到寶貴的人工生態(tài)系統(tǒng)和公共空間

Adaptive Transformation of Historic Water Works in Hamburg, Germany: From Essential Infrastructure and Cornerstone of Public Health to Valuable Man-Made Ecosystems and Designed Public Spaces

作者：西格麗德·海爾－蘭格，埃卡特·蘭格 Sigrid HEHL-LANGE, Eckart LANGE

摘要

缺乏安全的飲用水供應(yīng)是引起霍亂等水源性傳播疾病的一大原因。即使在現(xiàn)代，每年仍有約10萬(wàn)人死于霍亂。20世紀(jì)初至中葉以來(lái)出現(xiàn)的一些相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單但高效的工程解決方案為人們提供了清潔的飲用水。1892年，德國(guó)漢堡市爆發(fā)霍亂疫情，短短幾周內(nèi)就有超過(guò)8000人喪生。為了應(yīng)對(duì)這一危機(jī)，漢堡市建立了沉淀和過(guò)濾系統(tǒng)以提供清潔飲用水，自此該系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行了將近一個(gè)世紀(jì)。近幾十年來(lái)，這些設(shè)施逐漸廢棄，人們提出了大型綜合用地開(kāi)發(fā)等多項(xiàng)提案，而后又根據(jù)不斷變化的需求進(jìn)行調(diào)整，以提供教育和休閑服務(wù)，同時(shí)提升自然資產(chǎn)價(jià)值。那些保存下來(lái)的歷史建筑具有較高的文化遺產(chǎn)價(jià)值，在自然演替和設(shè)計(jì)干預(yù)的共同作用下，它們與景觀環(huán)境相融合，轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榱司哂忻缹W(xué)價(jià)值的寶貴棲息地。此外，易北河疏浚曾飽受爭(zhēng)議，為補(bǔ)償其造成的環(huán)境影響，一些舊沉淀池因適宜的地理位置被重新設(shè)計(jì)為棲息地，為當(dāng)?shù)靥赜械暮币?jiàn)植物提供了家園。

關(guān)鍵詞

適應(yīng)性轉(zhuǎn)型；自來(lái)水廠；砂濾系統(tǒng)；霍亂；工業(yè)遺產(chǎn)；游憩；生態(tài)補(bǔ)償；生態(tài)系統(tǒng)修復(fù)；基于自然的解決方案

Abstract 

A lack of safe drinking water supply is the cause of a number of waterborne diseases such as cholera. Even nowadays, an estimated 100,000 people die from cholera each year. Since the early/mid-19th century relatively simple but highly effective engineering solutions were developed that helped provide clean drinking water. In 1892 the City of Hamburg, Germany was hit by a cholera epidemic and more than 8,000 people died within a few weeks. As a consequence, sedimentation and filtration systems to provide clean drinking water were built. They were in operation for nearly a century and subsequently became disused in recent decades. Since then, a number of proposals including large mixed-use developments were put forward and over time adapted to the changing needs to offer educational and recreational services, as well as enhancing natural assets. While the historic buildings of high heritage value were conserved, the sedimentation and filtration systems in their landscape setting transformed through natural succession combined with design interventions into attractive and valuable habitats. In addition, some of the former sedimentation basins were found to be the most suitable locations to compensate for the environmental impact of the highly disputed dredging of the Elbe River and were redesigned to provide a new habitat for a rare and endemic plant species.

Keywords

Adaptive Transformation; Waterworks; Sand Filtration System; Cholera; Industrial Heritage; Recreation; Ecological Compensation; Ecosystem Restoration; Nature-based Solutions

城市－森林－島嶼：營(yíng)造和諧共生的印度尼西亞新首都與婆羅洲島森林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)

Nagara Rimba Nusa: Creating a Co-Existence Living Between Indonesia’s New Capital City and the Forest Ecosystem in Borneo Island, Indonesia

作者：戴安娜·澤里娜，亞斯米娜·阿茲里亞尼 Diana ZERLINA, Yasmina AZRIANI

摘要

印度尼西亞計(jì)劃從2024年起逐步將首都由雅加達(dá)遷至婆羅洲島的東加里曼丹省。婆羅洲島因豐富的生物多樣性和龐大的熱帶雨林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)而聞名。2019年，在新首都核心政府區(qū)的設(shè)計(jì)競(jìng)賽中，Urban+設(shè)計(jì)事務(wù)所的“城市－森林－島嶼”（Nagara Rimba Nusa）方案勝出，其理念是建造一座可以體現(xiàn)印度尼西亞本地文化和森林智慧的城市。方案圍繞森林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)展開(kāi)設(shè)計(jì)，呈現(xiàn)了城市形成的過(guò)程，同時(shí)應(yīng)用響應(yīng)式設(shè)計(jì)，營(yíng)建自然啟發(fā)式建筑，將城市規(guī)劃和自然保護(hù)相結(jié)合，創(chuàng)造全新的工作、生活、交通和文化體驗(yàn)。本文介紹了項(xiàng)目如何在景觀都市主義的指導(dǎo)下，提出一種新的城市形態(tài)——這種城市環(huán)境和森林景觀相互交織的有機(jī)體，展示了不同尺度下城市綠色開(kāi)放空間設(shè)計(jì)和城市森林恢復(fù)與管理規(guī)劃。項(xiàng)目還提出，為實(shí)現(xiàn)城市與自然的共生，新首都應(yīng)以綠色生態(tài)廊道為規(guī)劃基礎(chǔ)，通過(guò)反映熱帶雨林元素的親生物和仿生學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)，基于城市發(fā)展績(jī)效對(duì)規(guī)劃與設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)行指導(dǎo)和把控。項(xiàng)目基于場(chǎng)地現(xiàn)狀提出了“10分鐘城市”的緊湊型城市規(guī)劃概念，計(jì)劃建立以步行、騎行和公共交通為主的綠色交通體系。在新首都核心政府區(qū)的設(shè)計(jì)策略中，景觀都市主義成為發(fā)展的動(dòng)力和思維方式，用以理解并將城市形態(tài)嵌入婆羅洲的森林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。通過(guò)上述新視角和設(shè)計(jì)手段，“城市－森林－島嶼”方案構(gòu)想出了一個(gè)適應(yīng)森林環(huán)境的理想城市。

關(guān)鍵詞

景觀都市主義；森林都市主義；本地智慧；努桑塔拉；城市－森林－島嶼；首都

Abstract 

The capital of Indonesia is planned to be relocated to East Kalimantan, Borneo Island starting 2024. Borneo Island is treasured for its vast biodiversity and enormous rainforest ecosystem. Entitled “Nagara Rimba Nusa,” the design of the core area of the new capital city Ibu Kota Nusantara, brought the idea of building a city with the wisdom of Indonesian Culture and Forests. Taking forest ecosystem as the foundation and core, the design approach reflects urban forming process, responsive design, and nature-inspired architecture. This article strives to unfold the design principles and inventions dealing with the complex interlaced relations between the city and the forest, which reflect the ideas and literature of landscape urbanism. Landscape urbanism is portrayed as a development agent and a way of thinking in the design strategies for Kawasan Inti Pusat Pemerintahan (KIPP), to embed the urban form into Borneo’s forest ecosystem. Through this perspective and innovative design approaches, Nagara Rimba Nusa creates an ideal city that fits in the context of forest environment.

Keywords

Landscape Urbanism; Forest Urbanism; Local Wisdom; Ibu Kota Nusantara; Nagara Rimba Nusa; Capital City

近二十年歐洲景觀設(shè)計(jì)人才培養(yǎng)項(xiàng)目發(fā)展歷程評(píng)述

A Brief Overview of the Development of European Landscape Architecture Study Programs in the Period of the Last Twenty Years

作者：達(dá)沃爾·格斯沃達(dá) Davorin GAZVODA

摘要

本文從教師的視角回顧了歐盟景觀設(shè)計(jì)教育與職業(yè)在過(guò)去二十年的發(fā)展歷程。文章首先概述了不同學(xué)術(shù)環(huán)境下歐洲景觀設(shè)計(jì)院系的創(chuàng)立背景及各類人才培養(yǎng)項(xiàng)目的演變，隨后簡(jiǎn)要介紹了歐洲景觀設(shè)計(jì)院系理事會(huì)統(tǒng)籌景觀設(shè)計(jì)教學(xué)項(xiàng)目的進(jìn)行情況，其以提出建立歐洲景觀設(shè)計(jì)師職業(yè)資格認(rèn)證制度的倡議為結(jié)果。最后，本文討論了景觀設(shè)計(jì)教學(xué)中研究問(wèn)題的復(fù)雜性、尺度的轉(zhuǎn)換、設(shè)計(jì)工作坊規(guī)劃流程的逐步形成，以及實(shí)際教學(xué)與實(shí)踐中的其他議題。

關(guān)鍵詞

景觀設(shè)計(jì)人才培養(yǎng)項(xiàng)目；課程設(shè)置；歐洲景觀設(shè)計(jì)院系理事會(huì)；職業(yè)資格認(rèn)證

Abstract 

A development of the Landscape Architecture education process and profession itself in last twenty years in Europe is presented in the article from the teacher’s perspective. It starts with a short description of the development of European schools of Landscape Architecture in different academic environments and a diversity of study programs. Then it briefly explains the efforts of the European Council of Landscape Architecture Schools to unify study programs in Landscape Architecture that culminates in an initiative for recognition of professional qualifications for landscape architects in Europe. The complexity of the study problems, the transition between scales, the ongoing formation of the planning process in the landscape design studio, and some other more practical issues are discussed at the end of the article.

Keywords

Landscape Architecture Study Programs; Curriculum; European Council of Landscape Architecture Schools; Professional Qualifications

綻放與成長(zhǎng)：為兒童設(shè)計(jì)的本土植物繪本與學(xué)習(xí)游戲

Bloom and Grow: Creating an Illustrated Book and Learning Games on Native Plants for Children

作者：黃伊偉，克洛伊·肯尼迪 Yiwei HUANG, Chloe KENNEDY

摘要

“本土植物的兒童讀物和學(xué)習(xí)游戲”是2023年美國(guó)景觀設(shè)計(jì)師協(xié)會(huì)學(xué)生項(xiàng)目的獲獎(jiǎng)作品，它在美國(guó)住宅景觀同質(zhì)化的背景下，探索了普及本土植物價(jià)值和種植方法的路徑。兒童如果能在其早期教育中獲得本土植物相關(guān)的知識(shí)，便可能影響家中的成年人，并在未來(lái)帶動(dòng)環(huán)境的改變。來(lái)自美國(guó)普渡大學(xué)景觀設(shè)計(jì)專業(yè)的5名學(xué)生共同為印第安納州的本土植物創(chuàng)作了兒童繪本，旨在向兒童讀者傳達(dá)景觀設(shè)計(jì)專業(yè)高等教育中一直強(qiáng)調(diào)的兩個(gè)要點(diǎn)——本土植物的重要性，以及適地適栽的種植原則。將這些知識(shí)以繪本和游戲的形式融入兒童的早期教育中，可以幫助他們更好地掌握本土植物知識(shí)，鼓勵(lì)他們?cè)诩彝セ▓@中更多選用本土植物并采用適當(dāng)?shù)目沙掷m(xù)種植方式，進(jìn)而促進(jìn)更大的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)和棲息地環(huán)境發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)變。精心設(shè)計(jì)的繪本和游戲不僅可以讓兒童切身參與景觀設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程，更能夠向他們傳播生物多樣性、棲息地和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)概念。正如獲獎(jiǎng)評(píng)語(yǔ)所言，這個(gè)項(xiàng)目創(chuàng)造性地將知識(shí)系統(tǒng)與實(shí)際應(yīng)用相結(jié)合，既能傳播思想，又能潛移默化地育人。

關(guān)鍵詞

景觀設(shè)計(jì)教育；兒童環(huán)境意識(shí)；互動(dòng)；自然教育；本土植物

Abstract 

“Children’s Book and Learning Games on Indiana Native Plants & Habitats,” a 2023 ASLA student project winner, is an effort by five landscape architecture students to convey to a young audience two important things we learn in college: native plants, and the right plant in the right place. By integrating this knowledge into children’s early education, dramatic changes can be catalyzed in local ecosystems and networks and promote healthier habitats. The well-designed book and thought-out games not only allow children to grow and engage with landscape design, but also simplify landscape planning and decision-making. The process and the final product are innovative applications of knowledge-based systems to spread awareness and educate young people.

Keywords

Landscape Architecture Education; Children’s Environmental Awareness; Interaction; Nature Education; Native Plants

城市陽(yáng)臺(tái)擁抱再野化自然——西安雁南生態(tài)公園二期

Urban Balcony Embracing Rewilded Nature—Xi’an Yannan Park Phase II, China

作者：俞孔堅(jiān) Kongjian YU

關(guān)鍵詞

再野化自然；城市設(shè)計(jì)；海綿城市；雨洪管理；社會(huì)－生態(tài)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施；氣候韌性景觀；城市自然

Keywords

Rewilding Nature; Urban Design; Sponge City; Stormwater Management; Socio-Ecological Infrastructure; Climate Resilient Landscape; Urban Nature