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  • 《景觀設計學》2022年第5期 生態系統文化服務與景觀實踐

    作 者：
    文晨（WEN Chen），徐海韻（XU Haiyun），托比亞斯·普利寧格（Tobias PLIENINGER），姜芊孜（JIANG Qianzi）等
    類 別：
    景觀
    出 版 社：
    高等教育出版社
    出版時間：
    2022-10

無形的紐帶：生態系統文化服務與景觀實踐

Intangible Bonds: Cultural Ecosystem Services and Landscape Practices

（文晨，徐海韻，托比亞斯·普利寧格，《景觀設計學》2022年第5期“主編寄語”）


自古以來，人類與自然密不可分。我們改造、塑造自然，以滿足自身的需求和欲望；自然是我們的靈感與平和之源，并如此深刻地影響了人類社會，以至于我們對其產生了強烈的情感依戀，將之嵌入文化與觀念中，踐行于我們的人居環境建設。然而，當今社會的快速演變正在撼動這種人與自然聯系的基石，技術的進步、社會價值觀的轉變，以及不斷增長的人口需求都在沖擊著我們與自然間的聯系。這些改變的速度之快，已令長期以來維系人類生存的生態系統無法承載。展望未來，我們需要發展新的途徑來理解和珍視自然生態系統與人類文化依戀之間的復雜關系，并思考如何通過景觀規劃設計實踐使這二者間的紐帶關系更加可持續。

景觀設計學既關注自然的生態價值，也關注其文化和社會價值。生態系統文化服務（Cultural Ecosystem Services）是生態系統為人類社會帶來的非物質裨益與福祉，包括自然游憩、審美體驗、場所感知、文化遺產、靈感啟迪等[1]。作為生態系統服務的重要組成部分，生態系統文化服務在休閑游憩、精神療愈，以及維護文化多樣性和特有性等方面都發揮著不可或缺的作用。《千年生態系統評估》（Millennium Ecosystem Assessment）指出，生態系統文化服務評估能揭示生態系統動態變化對人類福祉的影響，理解自然與人類社會的聯系與相互作用，并促進可持續發展。如今，生態系統服務理論逐漸成為景觀規劃的支撐理論之一，生態系統文化服務也備受國內外景觀實踐者的關注，主要議題包括如何通過有效的規劃設計實踐來理解復雜的人地關系、評估規劃方案、協調不同的利益相關方，以及有效回應社會問題等[2]。

近年來，中國與世界多地都在經歷高速城鎮化，人口結構、生活方式及審美偏好等方面也發生著快速變化。這些變化深刻改變了人類行為，也影響了人地關系：居住形式、出行習慣、人口分布、家庭結構的改變影響了我們與景觀之間的聯系，重構了生態系統文化服務和人類的供需關系，也促使我們關注老年人、兒童、城市新移民、農村留守人員等不同的社會群體。與此同時，人們在景觀感知、審美偏好、自然游憩風尚、生活方式等方面的變化——例如共享單車的廣泛使用、社交媒體和短視頻的流行、網紅地打卡現象——也影響了我們對景觀和生態系統文化服務的理解[3][4]。

生態系統文化服務的內涵決定了其具有橋接景觀實踐與社會變化的潛力，可為景觀設計學科提供一個審視人地關系的多學科視角。相關理論、方法和工具也能幫助從業者更好地開展景觀解讀、評估、規劃設計與管理工作[2][5]。在本期中，我們將從理論、方法等維度探討生態系統文化服務與景觀實踐的關系。相關研究議題包括建設“全域旅游”背景下區域尺度的游憩潛力預測、運用網絡評論數據對城市公園進行生態系統文化服務的感知測定和評估，以及景觀設計師在兒童早期自然教育中扮演的角色等。本期還呈現了生態系統文化服務這一理論的發展歷程，以及為什么新技術和新概念的引入能夠幫助它進一步演化。此外，來自夏威夷的案例表明，在經年累月的環境和社會危機下，景觀設計專業應通過重塑生態和文化的關系，建設一個自主決定、公平和具有韌性的未來。

For generations, humans have been intrinsically tied to the natural world, modifying and molding it to suit our needs and desires. Nature has been a source of inspiration and peace to us, influencing our cultures and beliefs, and creating a strong emotional attachment to the natural world. However, our society’s fast evolution is testing the very foundations of this connection. Technological advancements, social values shifts, and the increasing demands of a growing population have all combined to push the boundaries of our contact with nature. The pace at which these changes are taking place is even exceeding the ecosystems that have sustained us for so long. As we look ahead, it is becoming evident that we will need to develop new approaches to understanding and appreciating the complex cultural relationships that exist between the natural ecosystem and our cultural attachment, as well as to build a more sustainable interaction via landscape practices.
Landscape Architecture concerns not only the ecological values of nature but also its social and cultural values. Cultural Ecosystem Services (CES) are the intangible and non-material benefits delivered from nature to human societies, including nature-based tourism, landscape aesthetics, sense of place, cultural heritage, and spiritual inspiration[1]. As one pillar of Ecosystem Services (ES), CES play significant roles in leisure activities, cognitive recovery, and the conservation of cultural diversity and uniqueness. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment suggests that evaluation of CES can reveal how the dynamics of the ecosystem impact human well-being, facilitate understanding their interactions, and promote sustainable development. Nowadays, ES are among the central topics in global landscape research and has become mainstream theories in supporting landscape planning. Chinese and the global landscape practitioners also pay great attention to CES, especially regarding how to understand complex human-nature relationships, how to evaluate CES for planning, how to help communicate with different stakeholders, and how to respond to social issues with effective planning and design[2].
Recently, China, together with the world, is undergoing rapid changes, including urbanization, demographic changes, changing lifestyles, and dynamic aesthetic preference. Those changes influence both human behaviors and the human-nature relationships. On one hand, societies nowadays have different resident forms, travel behaviors, population distributions, and family structure. All are influencing how we interact with landscapes. The social dynamics reshape the supply?demand relationships between CES and people, and enhance our concerns on different social groups, including the elderly, children, new citizens, and left-behind people in rural areas. On the other hand, human behaviors are expressed in terms of landscape perception, aesthetic preferences, fashions of nature-based recreation, and lifestyles[3][4]. For example, the widely-use of shared bikes, social media, short videos, and web celebrities’ sites also impact how we understand landscapes and CES.
The nature of CES demonstrates that they can be the potential bridge between landscape architecture and social changes. Since CES are multi-disciplinary, they can better help Landscape Architecture understand the meanings of human-nature relationships. Their theories, methods, and tools can help support understanding, assessing, planning, designing, and managing landscape[2][5]. This special issue covers broad topics related to CES and the landscape practice, ranging from theories, methods, and others. There are research articles on topics such as predicting recreational potential at the regional scale within the context of “all-for-one tourism,” the use of online comment data to assess perceptions and evaluations of urban parks’ ecosystem cultural services, and the role of landscape architects in early childhood nature-based education. We also present the evolution of the theory of ecosystem cultural services and the reasons why the introduction of new technology and concepts can aid in its evolution. Another case from Hawaii highlights how landscape architecture should reconstruct the interaction between ecology and culture to establish a self-determined, fair, and resilient future in the face of environmental and social catastrophes.


REFERENCES
[1] Fish, R., Church, A., & Winter, M. (2016). Conceptualising cultural ecosystem services: A novel framework for research and critical engagement. Ecosystem Services, (21), 208-217.
[2] Plieninger, T., Bieling, C., Fagerholm, N., Byg, A., Hartel, T., Hurley, P., López-Santiago, C. A., Nagabhatla, N., Oteros-Rozas, E., Raymond, C. M., van der Horst, D., & Huntsinger, L. (2015). The role of cultural ecosystem services in landscape management and planning. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, (14), 28-33.
[3] Bauer, N., Wallner, A., & Hunziker, M. (2009). The change of European landscapes: Human-nature relationships, public attitudes towards rewilding, and the implications for landscape management in Switzerland. Journal of Environmental Management, 90(9), 2910-2920.
[4] Balázsi, á., Riechers, M., Hartel, T., Leventon, J., & Fischer, J. (2019). The impacts of social-ecological system change on human-nature connectedness: A case study from Transylvania, Romania. Land Use Policy, (89), 104232.
[5] von Haaren, C., Lovett, A. A., & Albert, C. (2019). Landscape Planning and Ecosystem Services: The Sum Is More Than the Parts (pp. 3-9). In C. von Haaren, A. A. Lovett, & C. Albert (Eds.), Landscape Planning With Ecosystem Services: Theories and Methods for Application in Europe. Springer.


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