《景觀設計學》2022年第4期 跨境景觀本土化

跨境景觀本土化

Provincializing Transnational Landscape

（張亦弛，《景觀設計學》2022年第4期“主編寄語”）

我曾與一位英國建筑師同游天津五大道。面對街區中一座座由英國人在20世紀初修筑的建筑時，他不禁發出感慨，五大道仿若一位帶有中國口音的英國紳士，向人們講述著獨特的過往。無獨有偶，當我走在拉脫維亞首都里加的布里維巴斯大道街頭，或是美國費城的本杰明－富蘭克林公園大道之上，也曾有著類似的感受：這些景觀雖然分列于不同的國家、城市，卻反映出同一種源自法國巴黎香榭麗舍大道的設計原型，并在與本土條件相結合的過程中，衍發出各自特征。

那么，是什么促進了景觀思想的跨境傳播？又是什么促使這些景觀原型與本土要素的結合及本土化，從而衍發出諸般形式迥異的景觀表達？

跨境景觀本土化正成為國際學界所關切的重要議題。一方面，這與跨境景觀實踐活動的興起息息相關。在全球化的背景下，資本、貿易、商業和人才都正以前所未有的速度實現著跨境流動。受此影響，各類景觀思想、美學、技術、材料也逐漸跨越邊境，并與本土互動，促進了全球范疇內的景觀演化、變遷。更重要的是，在跨境景觀本土化的過程中，各類景觀要素也不斷與政治結構、經濟資本、社會體制、文化實踐相互交織，使得后者在經由景觀發生跨境傳播與碰撞的同時，借由景觀展現出來，進而引發相關影響、變革。

另一方面，跨境景觀本土化的熱議也與學術研究的范式轉型緊密相連。自邁克爾·彼得·史密斯于2001年出版《跨境都市：定位全球化》以來，跨境視角逐漸作為一種研究范式在國際學界嶄露頭角。與全球化強調“共性”不同，跨境視角更加強調因為跨越國家或區域文化、政治、經濟邊界所帶來的差異和改變。近年來，該議題愈加受到廣泛關注。例如，英國《城市史》期刊于2009年出版“美國跨國城市史”專刊、意大利米蘭理工大學戴維·龐齊尼教授于2020年發表《跨境建筑與都市主義——反思城市規劃、轉型及學習的途徑》專著。

因此，如何超越國家政治、經濟、社會和文化框架的限定，從國際互動視角出發考察景觀設計活動本土化過程中的運作機制、在地融合和傳播影響，正成為景觀理論和實踐研究中亟需解決的關鍵問題。

對中國而言，跨境景觀本土化的研究更具現實意義。首先，歷史上的中國就通過“絲綢之路”“東亞貿易體系”等網絡與東、西方各國保持著緊密的聯系，相關景觀思想的本土化不僅形成了中國多元的景觀格局，還促進了中華文化在世界的廣泛傳播。因此，從跨境景觀本土化視角出發不僅可以重新檢視中國與其他國家在景觀層面的歷史互動，還可以從“他者”視角探究中國的區域景觀特征，促進中國及其他相關國家的景觀史、文化史和交流史研究的發展。

其次，隨著中國城市建設活動的日益深入，一系列流行于歐美的跨境景觀思想、技術（如綠色城市、碳中和等）也在中國快速生根發芽。這就需要通過對跨境景觀本土化進行研究，使這些思想與技術更好地與中國本土實際情況相結合，為相關建設活動提供理論支持和實踐指導。

再次，在后疫情時代全球經貿格局與秩序發生重構的背景下，對于跨境景觀本土化的探討也將有利于中國進一步拓展“一帶一路”“粵港澳大灣區”等跨境經濟框架，向世界講好中國故事，讓世界更好了解中國。

A British architect and I once strolled along Wu Da Dao (Five Great Avenues) in Tianjin, China, a residential area built by British arrivals in the early 20th century. While standing in front of these European-style houses, the architect exclaimed that the area is like an elegant British gentleman but with a Chinese accent! Similar feelings of déjà vu had also emerged in front of me when I walked on the Liepu Aleja Brīvības bulvāris in Riga, Latvia, or the Benjamin Franklin Parkway in Philadelphia, USA. Although these designed landscapes are located in different cities and even countries, their constructions are all under the light of the Avenue des Champs-élysées of Paris, France, and present distinctive localized characteristics.

What promotes various landscape factors to be carried across national borders? And how are these landscape factors integrated with local identities and qualities, and thereby generate such various representations?

Provincializing transnational landscape is drawing increasing attention from international academia. This, on the one hand, benefits from the rapid growth of transnational landscape activities. With the process of globalization, transnational flows of capital exchange, commodities, business communities, and migratory movements carry landscape ideas, aesthetics, technologies, and materials across national boundaries, interacting with local conditions to promote the landscape evolution and development of the world[1]. During this process, these landscape elements interplay with political, economic, social, and cultural actors, and thereby making these actors encode into the landscapes and present them in front of the public to promote the development of landscapes.

On the other hand, the rise of the topic of localizing transnational landscape results from the shift of the academic research paradigm. Since Michael Peter Smith published Transnational Urbanism: Locating Globalization in 2001, the transnational perspective has emerged in academia. Rather than focusing on the landscape homogenization brought by globalization, this perspective emphasizes the differences and changes produced by the transcendence of cultural, political, and economic borders of nations. Recently, it is even gaining increasing attention. For example, the journal Urban History published a special issue of “Transnational Urbanism in the Americas” in 2009, and Davide Ponzini, a professor from Politecnico di Milano, Italy, published the book Transnational Architecture and Urbanism—Rethinking How Cities Plan, Transform and Learn in 2020.

Therefore, it calls for us to move beyond the political, economic, social, and cultural boundaries of nations to explore mechanisms, processes, and influence of provincializing transnational landscape, contributing to developing practices and theories of landscape architecture. 

It is particularly important for China to study provincializing transnational landscape. Firstly, China has been closely connecting with both Eastern and Western countries, for example, through the Silk Road and the Imperial Chinese Tributary System. The provincialization of landscape ideas not only forms the inclusive landscape layout of China but also promotes the spread of Chinese culture around the world. Studying provincializing transnational landscape will shed light on re-considering China’s historical local-global interactions through the landscape, and provide a lens of “the Other” to explore the regional characteristics of landscapes in China, which, in turn, will advance the research on the landscape, cultural, and communication histories of China and beyond.

Secondly, with the process of rapid urbanization, many transnational landscape ideas and technologies (such as green cities and carbon neutrality) popular in Europe and America are introduced into China. Examining provincializing transnational landscape will contribute to facilitating the implementation of these ideas and technologies in China by providing theoretical and practical support.

Last but not least, studying provincializing transnational landscape will aid China to advance its transnational economic cooperation frameworks, such as the Belt and Road Initiative and the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, in the context of the global economic and trade patterns and orders are reset with a post-pandemic world. In doing so, it will be beneficial to telling China’s story well, in order to let the world better understand China.

主編寄語

跨境景觀本土化 ／張亦弛

論文

新加坡南生花園中國特征的移植與本土化／馮立燊

跨國商貿主義背景下全球化空間的生產：基于浙江省義烏市的實證研究／謝舒逸，江穎樂，易海

中國嚴寒地區城市空間的氣候適應性評價指標體系構建研究——以哈爾濱市中心城區為例／蔣存妍，冷紅，袁青

觀點與評論

20世紀80年代深圳經濟特區城市公園的實踐與表現／劉新宇，王曉俊，薛求理

探索與過程

重述一方風土：云南南部市場整合加強背景下的民族生態學與茶農業生態系統管理／王蔚淇

生生不已的板凳龍：用儀式設計塑造中國本土的樹葬模式／陳嘉誠

【中文刊名】《景觀設計學》

【英文刊名】Landscape Architecture Frontiers

【作者】張亦弛（ZHANG Yichi），馮立燊（FENG Lishen），謝舒逸（XIE Shuyi），江穎樂（JIANG Yingle），易海（YI Hai）等

【出版社】高等教育出版社有限公司

【頁碼】108頁彩色印刷

【刊號】ISSN 2096-336X

【出版日期】2022年8月

新加坡南生花園中國特征的移植與本土化

The Replanting and Localizing of Chineseness in Whampoa’s Garden of Singapore

作者：馮立燊  FENG Lishen

摘要 

在19世紀的新加坡，盡管市區有多處地道、典型中式府邸，中式私家花園的設計方式卻與同時期中國本土的園林不甚相同。為了研究這一現象，本文以新加坡最早一批中式私家花園中的典范——南生花園為例，闡釋園主人在設計花園時如何及為什么選擇性地采用某些中國特色，同時卻又以非中式風格設計花園的其他部分。

本文對南生花園的研究首先簡要介紹了園主人、廣東商人胡亞基的職業和文化背景，以及其社會關系、個人愛好和文化身份。由于花園已不復存在，我們研究了中國和西方的圖文史料，以重現花園的空間布局和其他設計特征——其中一些可能具有濃厚的中國特征。繼而對比南生花園與胡亞基故鄉同時期建造的園林，以揭示它們在設計理念上的潛在聯系。此外，本文探究了中國符號的選擇與游園者文化身份之間的關系，以剖析是什么影響了中國特征的呈現，以及華南景觀在當時是如何被移植到新加坡這個赤道附近的殖民地的。

關鍵詞 

新加坡；殖民地；胡亞基；海外華人；南生花園；中國特征

ABSTRACT  

Private Chinese gardens in 19th-century Singapore were rarely designed in the same way as their contemporary counterparts in China, though there were a few authentic Chinese mansions in the city. In response to this phenomenon, this paper attempts to use Whampoa’s Garden, the finest and earliest private Chinese garden on the island, as an example, to explain how and why garden owners selectively adopted certain Chinese features while designing the rest of their gardens in a way deviating from Chinese traditions.

The study of Whampoa’s Garden begins with a sketchy introduction to the career and cultural background of the garden’s owner, Cantonese businessman Hoo Ah Kay, addressing his social connections, personal hobbies, and cultural identities. As the garden no longer exists, a study of available pictorial and written records from Chinese and Western sources is conducted in order to reveal the spatial layout and other designed features of the garden, some of which may have facilitated the display of Chineseness. Contemporaneous gardens from Hoo’s hometown will be compared to unveil hidden linkages between Whampoa’s Garden and Chinese garden ideas. Furthermore, the relationship between the selection of Chinese symbols and the identities of their audience is examined as an approach to studying what affected how Chineseness was presented and how the landscape of south China was transplanted to this equatorial colony.

KEYWORDS

Singapore; Colony; Hoo Ah Kay; Overseas Chinese; Whampoa’s Garden; Chineseness

跨國商貿主義背景下全球化空間的生產：基于浙江省義烏市的實證研究

The Production of Global Space Under the Transnational Entrepreneurship: Empirical Study on Yiwu, Zhejiang Province, China

作者：謝舒逸，江穎樂，易海  XIE Shuyi, JIANG Yingle, YI Hai

摘要 

本文基于跨國商貿主義視角，以“空間三元論”為理論分析框架，采用實地考察、深度訪談等方法，深入闡釋義烏全球化空間生產的過程、影響和機制，重點剖析自20世紀80年代以來地方政府、國有企業、跨國商貿者、當地居民、外來人口等多元利益相關者在其中扮演的角色及其互動過程。研究發現，1）義烏全球化空間的發展經歷了去地方化－全球化－再地方化的過程，體現了跨國商貿主義影響下中國中小型城市經濟、社會、生活關系的地方建構、重構過程；2）義烏全球化空間的發展是自上而下的政府權力與自下而上的社會力量共同作用的結果，其中地方政府企業主義行為是推動義烏全球化空間發展的關鍵引擎，而全球化是影響地方政府企業主義行為的直接動力；3）義烏跨國商貿者與本地居民、外來人口之間形成表面融入、隱形隔離的社會關系。研究豐富了對中國語境下中小型城市全球化空間的研究，以及對空間三元論中三元要素三位一體相互轉化、辯證關系的實證研究，同時對理解中國中小型城市的城鎮化與全球化進程及優化跨國移民、族裔聚居區的管理等有所裨益。

關鍵詞 

全球化空間生產；空間三元論；跨國商貿主義；政府企業主義；社會關系；景觀；義烏

ABSTRACT  

This research probes into the process, impact, and mechanism of the production of global space in Yiwu under the transnational entrepreneurship, utilizing the “spatial ternary theory” and methods of field investigation and in-depth interview. It focuses on analyzing how the local government, state-owned enterprises, transnational traders, local residents, and domestic migrants act and interact in the production of global space since the 1980s. Results showed that the production of global space in Yiwu goes through a process from delocalization, globalization to relocalization, indicating the local construction and reconstruction of economic, social, and living relationships in small- and medium-sized cities influenced by transnational entrepreneurship. The production of global space in Yiwu is jointly promoted by top-down government power and bottom-up social strength, and local governmental entrepreneurialism that has been directly influenced by globalization is a key engine. Field investigation also discovered that there is a phenomenon of transnational traders’ apparent integration and invisible isolation with local residents and domestic migrants in the new social relationships in Yiwu. These findings will enrich the empirical research on the global space in small- and medium-sized cities in the context of China, and on the dialectical and interchangable relationship of the trinity of ternary elements in the spatial ternary theory; and help deepen the understanding on urbanization and globalization of small- and medium-sized Chinese cities, and optimize the governance of transnational migrants and the ethnic enclaves they live.

KEYWORDS

Production of Global Space; Spatial Ternary Theory; Transnational Entrepreneurship; Governmental Entrepreneurialism;  Social Relationships;  Landscape;  Yiwu

中國嚴寒地區城市空間的氣候適應性評價指標體系構建研究——以哈爾濱市中心城區為例

Construction of Climate Adaptability Evaluation Indicator System for Urban Spaces in the Severe Cold Zones of China—A Case Study on the Central Area of Harbin

作者：蔣存妍，冷紅，袁青  JIANG Cunyan, LENG Hong, YUAN Qing

摘要 

氣候適應性研究應該同時涵蓋氣候變化與地域氣候背景兩方面因素。從城市空間角度進行氣候適應性的研究并對其展開評價，有助于明確城市空間建設在應對氣候問題方面的薄弱環節。本文構建了中國嚴寒地區城市空間的氣候適應性評價指標體系，并以哈爾濱中心城區為例進行氣候適應性的時空分異評價。結果表明，研究區域城市空間的綜合氣候適應性能力在2008~2017年間基本呈提升趨勢，但總體仍處于較低水平，同時各市轄區的氣候適應性存在較為顯著的空間差異和要素發展不均衡現象。本文據此提出相應對策，以期為未來中國嚴寒地區城市制定氣候適應性規劃和建設決策提供支撐。

關鍵詞 

嚴寒地區；城市空間；氣候適應性；評價指標體系；適應策略

ABSTRACT  

Climate adaptation research should consider both climate change and regional climate contexts. Research evaluating the regional climate adaptability of urban spaces helps identify weaknesses of climate resilience in spatial planning. This paper constructs a climate adaptation evaluation indicator system for cities in the severe cold zones of China, and evaluates the temporal-spatial changes of climate adaptability in the central area of Harbin. The evaluation outcome reveals that the overall climate adaptability of the study area generally improved from 2008 to 2017 despite staying at a relatively lower level. There are significant differences in spatial pattern and development of spatial elements of climate adaptability by districts. Accordingly, this paper proposes countermeasures supporting future decision-making on climate adaptation planning for the study area, offering a reference for other cities in the severe cold zones of China.

KEYWORDS

Severe Cold Zones; Urban Spaces; Climate Adaptability; Evaluation Indicator System; Adaptation Strategies

20世紀80年代深圳經濟特區城市公園的實踐與表現

The Practice and Representation of Urban Parks in Shenzhen Special Economic Zone in the 1980s

作者：劉新宇，王曉俊，薛求理 LIU Xinyu, WANG Xiaojun, XUE Qiuli

摘要 

對改革開放之后的中國而言，深圳經濟特區及其城市建設有著不同尋常的意義。城市公園在深圳經濟特區的超高速建設歷程中大量出現，然而關于相關建設的歷史過程卻甚少見諸學術討論。本研究將城市公園建設歷史置于“民族－國家”與“全球－地方”關系的雙重視角下進行審視，并在跨越國界的全球視野下探尋深圳經濟特區城市公園建設這一地方性實踐的譜系與淵源。通過分析，研究認為深圳經濟特區在20世紀80年代的城市公園建設與吸引外資之間存在密切關聯，且該時期的公園建設所采用的民族形式與經濟特區作為民族復興的時空節點之間也存在相應關聯。通過如上視角的解讀，本文希望能依托觀念的全球性流動，為改革開放之初中國的城市公園建設提供解釋性看法。

關鍵詞 

深圳經濟特區；城市公園；綠化；跨國視角；改革開放

ABSTRACT  

After reform and opening up, Shenzhen Special Economic Zone and its urban construction have an unusual significance for China. However, the prevailing emergence of urban parks built in a super speed in Shenzhen Special Economic Zone is not paid much attention by the academia regarding its historical process of construction. This study examines the history of urban park construction through dual lenses of “nation–state” and “global–local” with a hope to explore the genealogy and reason lying behind the local practice of urban park construction in Shenzhen Special Economic Zone from a transnational global perspective. The authors argue that the construction of urban parks in Shenzhen Special Economic Zone in the 1980s was closely related to foreign capital investment. Moreover, the national form adopted in park design during this period coincided with that of the special economic zones as a node of national rejuvenation. Relying on the global flow of ideas, this research attempts to provide interpretative view to comprehend the construction history of urban parks in China at the very beginning of the reform and opening.

KEYWORDS

Shenzhen Special Economic Zone; Urban Park; Greening; Transnational Perspective; Reform and Opening

重述一方風土：云南南部市場整合加強背景下的民族生態學與茶農業生態系統管理

Rebranding Terroir: Ethnoecology and Tea Agro-Ecosystem Management in Response to Increased Market Integration in Southern Yunnan, China

作者：王蔚淇 Sammi Wae Ki WONG

摘要 

隨著中國和國際市場對普洱茶需求的不斷增加，云南南部農業生態系統的集約化發展導致當地出現了眾多形態多樣的農業生態系統，包括茶園、混合作物系統，以及單一栽培梯田茶園。普洱茶（Camellia sinensis assamica）通常為林地喬木，而茶（C. sinensis sinensis）則通常在梯田茶園中作為灌木生長。受葡萄酒行業的啟發，本文以“風土”（Terroir）概念為框架，分析了形成不同植物學特征的環境和人為因素，從而量化評估種植過程所創造的價值。這種方法可促使人們將茶產品的關注點回歸產地源頭，而非外在因素，從而解決當地“過度包裝”的風土問題。考慮到茶葉種植和營銷趨勢之間尚存在植物和文化價值方面的差距，本文研究了一種替代方案，該方案能夠最大限度地減少茶葉生產和推廣模式對環境的影響，同時利用其所帶來的經濟效益，在社區尺度上推進針對文化復雜性的土地保護工作。

通過景觀敏感性生態旅游方法保護茶林和減輕貧困的策略適用于云南古代茶山的較多地區，本文選取布朗古普洱茶山的兩個試點社區作為實驗項目的場所。設計干預措施主要包括兩個部分：基于保護目的的民族生態旅游，以及茶林保護計劃。

本文還對項目實施過程中整體保護或生態旅游承載力方面的諸多不確定性和差異進行了分析。盡管制定了土地利用分區總體規劃，但鑒于當地村民常在森林空間中開展特定的社會經濟活動，研究還根據其社會活動模式、活動類型和范圍，以及參與者的不同情況，構想了一系列未來景觀場景，希望當地的經濟機會不再受市場需求限制，而由被重新設計的“風土”所驅動。

關鍵詞 

普洱茶栽培；風土；民族生態學；農業生態系統管理；民族志；植物品質；產品原真性

ABSTRACT  

Prompted by increased domestic and transnational demand for Pu’er tea, an emergence of agro-ecosystem intensification in Southern Yunnan, China has resulted in various agro-ecosystems including tea forests, mixed crop systems, and monocultural terrace tea gardens, in the tea production system. Plants of Camellia sinensis assamica often grow as trees in forests whilst C. sinensis sinensis grow as shrubs in terrace tea gardens. Inspired by the wine industry, the concept “Terroir” acts as a framework that analyzes both environmental and human factors yielding varying botanic profiles, and hence quantifies values created by the cultivation process. The approach allows economic opportunities of place-based tea products to be driven by the origin in lieu of extrinsic qualities, which has resulted in to the fabricated reputation of terroir. In response to a common gap in terms of botanical and cultural values between tea cultivation and marketing trends, this article investigates an alternative scenario in which tea production and promotion model could minimize its environmental impacts and utilize its economic weight to advance land conservation efforts specific to cultural complexity at community scales.

KEYWORDS

Pu’er Tea Cultivation; Terroir; Ethnoecology; Agro-ecosystem Management; Ethnography; Botanic Quality; Product Authenticity 

生生不已的板凳龍：用儀式設計塑造中國本土的樹葬模式

Bench Dragon Ever-living:Using Ritual Design to Shape the Localized Mode of Tree Burial in China

作者：陳嘉誠 CHEN Jiacheng

摘要 

盡管樹葬傳統已有多年歷史，但在中國社會的普及度仍然不高，其原因在于樹葬所蘊含的生態倫理尚未被公眾完全接納，其實踐形式尚未完成本土化的進程。本文提出中國本土化的樹葬活動需要放置在區域城鄉關系中考量，并將祭掃活動與鄉村地區傳統儀式的更新相結合，從而吸引城市居民的參與。

本文所選取的場地安徽省右龍村位于新安江源頭，這一水源地區位優勢可吸引下游城市居民到此游訪。以當地的“板凳龍”儀式為例，本文通過分析其現有的儀式環節、空間節點和意義指涉，從而梳理得出其儀式結構。以此為參照，本文的提案設計了“板凳龍”儀式在清明節的主要環節和行進路線，并提出三個策略：1）擴大儀式路線的范圍至周邊的茶園；2）改變儀式隊伍的行進方向與組織方式；3）公平對待來自本土與異鄉的所有逝者。原本以生產為主的場地由于儀式場合的周期性出現而衍生為獨特的儀式性場所，并由此引領村外樹葬場所的營造。在倫理學上，可持續的設計理念拓展了原本單一的儀式內涵，使其從求雨祈福延伸到哲學層面更為深刻的“生生”理念，為傳統的生死觀作出了現代注解。對場地景觀的日常管理可以與當地產業相結合，從而在經濟上發揮儀式所帶來的溢出效應。

恰當的儀式設計可以貫通鄉村地區生態系統文化服務中條分縷析的評價分類，以具身的形式回應景觀的整體性特征。同時在儀式研究的視閾下，設計師不再因循選取“八景”的傳統做法，而能以人類學的視角審視鄉村的生活與文化，進而回歸真實的人地關系。最終，儀式設計有望在倫理遷移的過程中推進樹葬文化在中國的本土化改造，促使中國的鄉土文化更好地賡續下去。

關鍵詞 

儀式設計；樹葬；生態祭掃；本土化；板凳龍儀式；生態系統文化服務；具身性

ABSTRACT  

Although tree burial has been proposed for decades, it is not yet widely accepted in China, mainly due to the lack of recognition of its embedded ecological ethics and the not fully localized practice. The article suggests that localizing tree burial activities in China should consider regional urban-rural relationship and combine tomb-sweeping activities with the renewal of local traditional ceremonies in rural areas, thus engaging urban residents.

The site selected in this article, Youlong Village of Anhui Province, is located at the origin of the Xin’an River, which is an endowed advantage to attract downstream urban residents. Taking the Bench Dragon as the case study subject, the article analyzes its existing ritual sections and spatial nodes to sort out its ritual structure. Based on this analysis, the article proposes a design of the ritual sections and the marching route of the Bench Dragon for the Chinese Tomb-sweeping Festival, guiding the place-making of tree burial sites and the development of daily management strategies for the ritual landscape.

Appropriate ritual design in rural areas can help perforate the evaluation items in strictly categorized cultural ecosystem services, which, through embodiment, calls for a holistic landscape experience. Additionally, ritual design is supposed to activate the potential aesthetic value in the countryside today, while the ecological ethics it carries may also introduce new meanings to the traditional view of life and death in Chinese culture, ultimately opening a new horizon for contemporary rural construction.

KEYWORDS

Ritual Design; Tree Burial; Ecological Tomb-sweeping;Localization; Bench Dragon Ceremony; Cultural Ecosystem Service; Embodiment