《景觀設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)》2022年第3期 全齡友好與包容性城市

每個(gè)人都很重要——包容友好的城市空間營(yíng)造

Everyone Counts—Creating Inclusive and Friendly Urban Spaces

作者：湯湃，董楠楠  TANG Pai, DONG Nannan

摘要

城市中多元的社會(huì)群體在為城市的蓬勃發(fā)展作出貢獻(xiàn)的同時(shí)，也享有城市提供的優(yōu)質(zhì)生活和豐富發(fā)展機(jī)會(huì)的權(quán)利。然而，包括老年人、兒童及其他特殊人群在內(nèi)的群體，在獲取城市資源、參與城市決策等方面往往處于弱勢(shì)地位。為共享城市發(fā)展成果，以全齡友好的視角推動(dòng)城市以更加包容的姿態(tài)關(guān)注弱勢(shì)群體的需求、權(quán)益和福利，逐漸成為美好城市發(fā)展的重要目標(biāo)。作者認(rèn)為，包容友好的城市空間營(yíng)造既要求景觀設(shè)計(jì)從業(yè)人員工作方法的精進(jìn)，更要求其設(shè)計(jì)理念的革新。

關(guān)鍵詞

城市空間營(yíng)造；包容性城市；共享服務(wù)；弱勢(shì)群體；老幼群體；

Abstract

While making contributions to the prosperity of cities, diverse population groups have the equal right to enjoy quality urban life. However, senior citizens, children, and the disabled are vulnerable when it comes to the access to urban resources and the participation of city’s decision-making. To make the well-beings brought by urban development available to all, it is essential for a city to be inclusive by paying more attention to the needs, benefits, and rights of the disadvantaged groups. The authors believe that the creation of inclusive and friendly urban spaces requires not only new design methods and approaches, but also changes of design philosophy and mindset.

Keywords

Creation of Urban Spaces; Inclusive City; Shared Benefits; Vulnerable and Disadvantaged Groups; Children and Seniors; Public Participation

基于扎根理論的城市公園游憩者包容性感知及影響因素研究

Research on the Influencing Factors of Users’ Perception of the Inclusiveness of Urban Parks Based on the Grounded Theory

作者：周兆森，林廣思  ZHOU Zhaosen, LIN Guangsi

摘要

城市公園包容性的塑造能夠切實(shí)保障不同類(lèi)別游憩者——尤其是弱勢(shì)群體——的游憩機(jī)會(huì)與游憩體驗(yàn)，也是達(dá)成城市綠地景觀公正的重要途徑。本研究以探究游憩者對(duì)城市公園包容性主觀感知與評(píng)價(jià)的影響因素為目標(biāo)，通過(guò)扎根理論的方法，對(duì)城市公園游憩者與管理者、風(fēng)景園林研究者與設(shè)計(jì)師進(jìn)行訪談數(shù)據(jù)的收集，經(jīng)過(guò)對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)資料的三級(jí)編碼及分析，發(fā)展出場(chǎng)地條件感知、場(chǎng)地使用情況、可獨(dú)立出行性、空間與設(shè)施的供需匹配、游憩干擾與限制、積極的情感體驗(yàn)、廣泛的社會(huì)參與、場(chǎng)所的精神認(rèn)同等8個(gè)影響游憩者對(duì)城市公園包容性感知的主范疇及其30個(gè)構(gòu)成因子，共同構(gòu)建了城市公園包容性感知影響因素模型。該模型顯示，游憩者的評(píng)價(jià)是基于對(duì)場(chǎng)地條件及使用情況的觀察和自身游憩體驗(yàn)兩個(gè)層面展開(kāi)，后者同時(shí)涵蓋物理和心理兩個(gè)維度，它們可通過(guò)設(shè)計(jì)排斥的概念進(jìn)行解釋和歸納，物理環(huán)境品質(zhì)將影響游憩者精神與情感的變化。該模型明晰了包容性評(píng)價(jià)的路徑及關(guān)鍵因子，為今后以景觀公正為目標(biāo)的建設(shè)與發(fā)展提供了理論參考。

關(guān)鍵詞

城市綠地；景觀公正；社會(huì)公平；包容性設(shè)計(jì)；設(shè)計(jì)排斥；扎根理論；模型

Abstract

The improvement of the inclusiveness of urban parks can guarantee the recreational opportunities and experience of different user groups, especially the vulnerable ones, and is also an important way to promote the justice of urban green landscape. The research explores the influencing factors to park users’ perception and evaluation on the inclusiveness of urban parks. Through the three-level data coding and analysis, a model consisting of eight main categories (i.e. site conditions, site usage, independent mobility, supply-demand matching capacity of space and facilities, interference and limitation of recreational activities, positive emotional experience, broad social participation, and place identity) which cover 30 influencing factors to individuals’ perception of the inclusiveness of urban parks is established. The model shows that park users evaluate the inclusiveness of urban parks upon their observation of site conditions and usage, and their own recreational experience; while the latter is affected by both physical and psychological factors related to passive exclusion and active exclusion, according to the concept of design exclusion. The disparity of the physical environmental quality of urban parks would lead to users’ different emotions and feelings about recreational activities. The model helps clarify the path and key factors of inclusiveness evaluation and provides a theoretical reference for future research and practice of landscape justice.

Keywords

Urban Green Spaces; Landscape Justice; Social Equity; Inclusive Design; Design Exclusion; Grounded Theory; Model

天津市社區(qū)公園兒童與植物交互的自發(fā)游戲及環(huán)境特征研究

Research on Spontaneous Play and Environmental Characteristics Related to Children’s Interaction With Plants in Community Parks of Tianjin

作者：田靖雯，張秦英*，李佳瀅，張博倫  TIAN Jingwen, ZHANG Qinying, LI Jiaying, ZHANG Bolun

摘要

隨著包容性城市、兒童友好城市建設(shè)的興起，城市兒童的親自然權(quán)利受到廣泛關(guān)注。本研究以天津市中心城區(qū)的4個(gè)社區(qū)公園為例，依據(jù)認(rèn)知發(fā)展理論、兒童游戲相關(guān)理論、可供性理論等，通過(guò)行為觀察、行為注記、問(wèn)卷調(diào)查、半結(jié)構(gòu)式訪談等方法收集兒童的游戲行為、記錄游戲發(fā)生時(shí)的植物信息及周邊環(huán)境信息，以探究3～12歲兒童與植物互動(dòng)時(shí)的游戲類(lèi)型偏好及對(duì)應(yīng)的植物環(huán)境特征。研究采用統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)中的計(jì)量分析、交叉表卡方檢驗(yàn)等，分析兒童開(kāi)展各類(lèi)游戲的頻數(shù)及不同植物個(gè)體、不同環(huán)境要素下植物各類(lèi)可供性的發(fā)生情況，以及樣本人群在不同環(huán)境下開(kāi)展游戲的具體情況等。結(jié)果顯示，在高密度城市環(huán)境中，兒童能夠發(fā)揮親自然天性，利用現(xiàn)有綠地特征，積極運(yùn)用植物的感知可供性、使用可供性和塑造可供性開(kāi)展各類(lèi)游戲。兒童與植物的交互游戲增加了其與自然的直接接觸，可初步滿足城市兒童日常生活中的自然體驗(yàn)需求。植物種類(lèi)豐富、特色鮮明及周邊環(huán)境特征多樣的綠地空間，能夠激發(fā)更多的植物可供性。設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)關(guān)注兒童天然、自發(fā)開(kāi)展的游戲內(nèi)涵，針對(duì)特定空間類(lèi)型滿足游戲需求、引入種類(lèi)豐富且各具特色的植物、開(kāi)發(fā)其他環(huán)境要素的輔助功能、引入挑戰(zhàn)與冒險(xiǎn)游戲及增強(qiáng)安全與環(huán)境教育，促進(jìn)城市的公平性、包容性及可持續(xù)性發(fā)展。

關(guān)鍵詞

兒童；社區(qū)公園；植物景觀；環(huán)境特征；自發(fā)游戲

Abstract

With the advance of inclusive city and child-friendly city construction, children’s opportunities to access nature have gained increasing concern. This study explored the play preference of children aged between 3 and 12 years old when they interact with plants, as well as the corresponding environmental characteristics, with four community parks in Tianjin as examples. It collected data on behaviors, plants, and environmental factors in the surroundings concerning children’s play with plants via multiple methods including behavioral observation, behavioral mapping, questionnaire, and semi-structured interview, which were examined under theories related to cognitive development, children’s play, and affordance. Employing methods such as quantitative analysis and cross tabulation analysis, the study further obtained the frequency of children’s various types of play and the affordance provided by different plants in varied environments, as well as the specific play behaviors in these environments. The findings show that due to the biophilic nature, children are able to actively make use of existing green spaces and utilize the perceived affordance, used affordance, and shaped affordance of plants to play various types of games in high-density urban environment. Children’s interaction/ play with plants increases their direct connection with nature and can basically meet their daily needs for natural experience; green spaces where there are plants with diverse species and characteristics and varied environmental factors in the surroundings can stimulate more plant affordances. Future landscape design should pay more attention to how to facilitate children’s natural and spontaneous play by creating diverse places for different play needs, introducing rich and distinctive plants, developing supporting functions of other environmental elements, encouraging challenging and adventurous play, and strengthening safety and environmental education.

Keywords

Children; Community Park; Plant Landscape; Environmental Characteristics; Spontaneous Play

從制圖－監(jiān)測(cè)－建模－管理視角談對(duì)城市綠地量化研究的八點(diǎn)思考

Eight Reflections on Quantitative Studies of Urban Green Space:

A Mapping-Monitoring-Modeling-Management (4M) Perspective

作者：陳斌，克里斯·韋伯斯特  CHEN Bin, Chris WEBSTER

摘要

綠地是城市環(huán)境的重要組成部分，為我們的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)文化活動(dòng)提供了可觀的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)。既有研究已廣泛采用眾多旨在測(cè)度綠地供需關(guān)系，衡量可用性、可達(dá)性和可見(jiàn)度的指標(biāo)，以從局地到區(qū)域尺度評(píng)估可持續(xù)發(fā)展目標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn)情況。本文中，作者總結(jié)了對(duì)城市綠地量化研究的八點(diǎn)思考，以期為景觀設(shè)計(jì)和規(guī)劃中的4M實(shí)踐——制圖（mapping）、監(jiān)測(cè)（monitoring）、建模（modeling）和管理（management）——提供指導(dǎo)，并激發(fā)將數(shù)據(jù)驅(qū)動(dòng)研究轉(zhuǎn)化為科學(xué)干預(yù)措施的創(chuàng)新思維。八點(diǎn)思考包括：1）綠地制圖應(yīng)體現(xiàn)多屬性概念模型表征，包括數(shù)量、質(zhì)量、類(lèi)型和結(jié)構(gòu)；2）綠地制圖的來(lái)源、手段和用途因定義、方法和尺度而異；3）城市綠地的質(zhì)量和數(shù)量受季節(jié)性物候條件影響；4）綠地時(shí)空數(shù)據(jù)立方體將有助于實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)城市綠地變化的近實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)；5）綠地覆蓋率能夠揭示綠地的供給情況，但綠地暴露度可通過(guò)建模的方式有效測(cè)度人口－綠地的供需關(guān)系；6）測(cè)量綠地暴露度時(shí)應(yīng)考慮空間、時(shí)間和社會(huì)差異；7）在制定綠化優(yōu)化方案時(shí)，景觀設(shè)計(jì)師和規(guī)劃師應(yīng)考慮生物物理、生物多樣性和健康效益；8）城市綠地管理策略應(yīng)著眼長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)。最后，本文提出，以數(shù)據(jù)科學(xué)為支撐的決策系統(tǒng)有助于指導(dǎo)和促進(jìn)城市綠地4M實(shí)踐。本文中的各項(xiàng)思考對(duì)城市綠地景觀設(shè)計(jì)、規(guī)劃和管理的研究、實(shí)踐和理論探索有著廣泛的意義，并共同構(gòu)成了一套可指導(dǎo)科研人員、決策者和從業(yè)者制定城市綠地最佳4M實(shí)踐戰(zhàn)略的原則。

關(guān)鍵詞

城市綠地；量化指標(biāo)；綠地供需；制圖－監(jiān)測(cè)－建模－管理框架；城市綠地正義

Abstract

Green space is an important component in urban environment, providing considerable ecosystem services to our socio-economic-cultural activities. Metrics designed to capture green space provision, supply and demand, measuring availability, accessibility, and visibility have been widely adopted to gauge progress toward achieving sustainable development goals from local to regional scales. In this article, we offer eight reflections on quantitative studies of urban green space for mapping, monitoring, modeling, and management (4M) practices in landscape design and planning. The article’s objective is to stimulate fresh and innovative thinking in the conversion of data to interventions. Eight points are made: 1) Green space mapping should be characterized in a multi-attribute conceptual model, including quantity, quality, type, and structure; 2) green space mapping sources, methods, and uses vary by definitions, approaches, and scales; 3) phenology modifies seasonal quality and quantity of urban green space; 4) spatial and temporal green space data cubes will help realize the goal of near real-time monitoring of urban green space change; 5) green space coverage reveals green space supply, but green space exposure can capture effective demand via modeling the supply–demand relationships of human–green space; 6) green space exposure measures should account for spatial, temporal, and social differences; 7) greening optimization by landscape architects and planners should consider both biophysical, biodiversity, and health benefits; and 8) urban green space management should be strategized with a long-term view. Finally, we advocate data–science–decision support systems that can help guide and promote 4M practices of urban green space. These points of reflection have broad implications for research, practice, and theory of urban green landscape design, planning, and management, and altogether constitute a set of principles that can guide scientists, policy makers, and practitioners toward strategizing optimal 4M of urban green space.

Keywords

Urban Green Space; Quantitative Metrics; Green Space Supply–Demand; Mapping–Monitoring–Modeling–Management Framework; Justice of Urban Green Space

厄瓜多爾境內(nèi)安第斯山脈上的種植設(shè)計(jì)：回憶、韌性與再連接

Planting Design in the Ecuadorian Andes:

Memory, Resilience, and Re-Connection

作者：加布里埃拉·阿雷瓦洛·阿爾維亞爾  Gabriela ARéVALO ALVEAR

摘要

現(xiàn)代城市在不斷增長(zhǎng)和演變，其發(fā)展擴(kuò)張逐漸侵入周?chē)h(huán)境，致使本土動(dòng)植物物種向免受人類(lèi)干擾的偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)遷徙。這就導(dǎo)致大都會(huì)往往會(huì)成為生物多樣性低、熱島效應(yīng)顯著、空氣質(zhì)量差、洪水頻發(fā)及地域特色缺失的灰色地帶。

厄瓜多爾基多市也面臨同樣的挑戰(zhàn)。基多地處安第斯山脈的高海拔處，有著豐富的生物多樣性。但長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)外來(lái)物種的引進(jìn)及苗木貿(mào)易中鄉(xiāng)土植物的不足，使得城市景觀多采用外來(lái)物種。

因此，為加深當(dāng)?shù)啬贻p一代對(duì)鄉(xiāng)土植物及社區(qū)和文化的了解，筆者與一位生物學(xué)家合作，發(fā)起了Nativus項(xiàng)目，以期在基多建造鄉(xiāng)土植物培育園。培育園的建造步驟包括：1）確定適宜在綠色屋頂和花園中種植的鄉(xiāng)土物種；2）尋找合適的鄉(xiāng)土植物，并利用扦插、播種等方式進(jìn)行培育；3）在綠色屋頂和花園中種植上述鄉(xiāng)土植物幼苗；4）研究鄉(xiāng)土植物的種植對(duì)周?chē)锖铜h(huán)境的影響，包括是否產(chǎn)生了新的生物現(xiàn)象、對(duì)其他動(dòng)植物的影響，以及整體環(huán)境的美學(xué)價(jià)值是否提高；5）通過(guò)宣傳教育，推動(dòng)全社區(qū)居民積極參與種植和觀察鄉(xiāng)土植物，提升對(duì)鄉(xiāng)土植物重要性的認(rèn)識(shí)。

依據(jù)上述步驟，項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)已在基多建造了兩處鄉(xiāng)土花園，居民們可以在花園中穿行，近距離觀察鄉(xiāng)土植物。同時(shí)，訪客還可以記錄花園中被鄉(xiāng)土植物吸引而來(lái)的各種鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)和傳粉昆蟲(chóng)，獲取珍貴的一手資料。一段時(shí)間之后，這些富有生命力的小花園將逐漸形成完整的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，除了用于植物觀察與學(xué)習(xí)，亦可作為人們與自然重新連接或冥想的場(chǎng)所。

這種鄉(xiāng)土花園能夠推動(dòng)建設(shè)更加可持續(xù)的城市，有助于將鄉(xiāng)土植物物種重新引入城市環(huán)境和當(dāng)代景觀，也可幫助人們重新認(rèn)識(shí)周?chē)淖匀画h(huán)境、鄉(xiāng)土植物，并將不斷積累的對(duì)自然世界認(rèn)知持續(xù)傳承下去。

關(guān)鍵詞

鄉(xiāng)土植物物種；試驗(yàn)園；植物觀察；安第斯山脈；厄瓜多爾

Abstract

Modern cities are constantly growing and evolving. This expansion of urban development bleeds into the surrounding landscapes, causing the displacement and disturbance of native plant and animal species to remote areas where topography limits human access. As a result, metropolitan areas often become gray places with low biodiversity, elevated temperatures, poor air quality, flood issues, and lack of a local identity. Quito, Ecuador is one of the cities facing this important challenge. Perched high in the Andes, Quito is a place of great biodiversity, nevertheless the constructed landscapes are dominated by introduced species due to colonization and to the lack of availability of native species in the nursery trade. This article walks through the creation of a native nursery in Quito and the implementation of initial trial plots, a green roof, and a garden. It explains the discoveries made during the process and provides directions for future goals to reintroduce native plant species into urban environments and contemporary landscapes in order to create more sustainable cities. The goal is to help people reconnect with their natural heritage and to learn about native plants to ensure the continuity of ancestral knowledge of the natural world for future generations.

Keywords

Native Plant Species; Trial Garden; Plant Observation; Andes Mountains; Ecuador

住宅如水：

對(duì)香港吉澳漁村住宅類(lèi)型的觀察與思考

Houses Like Water:

Observations and Reflections on House Types of Kat O Fishing Village in Hong Kong

作者：蘇暢  SU Chang

摘要

《水漾之家：香港漁村故事》是一次結(jié)合研究、策展和設(shè)計(jì)的合作計(jì)劃。研究聚焦大澳、吉澳和布袋澳三個(gè)漁村，通過(guò)挖掘疍家人的文化及其生活和建造的“流動(dòng)”狀態(tài)，理解建筑、地理與人文環(huán)境的關(guān)系，從“水”的視野重新審視香港這座城市。本文關(guān)注研究團(tuán)隊(duì)近期對(duì)吉澳漁村住宅的觀察，通過(guò)記錄居民依地形和水環(huán)境對(duì)住宅進(jìn)行加建的現(xiàn)象，探討一種適應(yīng)水陸雙重環(huán)境的“雙棲住宅”的可能。

本研究所聚焦的疍家人聚居的吉澳漁村坐落于山丘和大海之間的一小片平坦陸地上。自1951年以來(lái)，吉澳漁村所在的沙頭角地區(qū)一直受到較為嚴(yán)格的發(fā)展限制，建成環(huán)境范圍較小，大部分區(qū)域保留了自然的地理環(huán)境。本文重點(diǎn)探討了吉澳漁村中隨處可見(jiàn)的非正式臨時(shí)建筑，通過(guò)重新繪制房屋形態(tài)并深入剖析其形式結(jié)構(gòu)，探尋這些看似無(wú)序的表象背后的邏輯。通過(guò)反思朱利安·斯圖爾特的“文化生態(tài)學(xué)”方法，本文試圖剖析吉澳漁村住宅背后隱藏的建造模式，最終揭示由此產(chǎn)生的與地理相結(jié)合的建造與生活文化。

吉澳漁村經(jīng)歷了由山麓向街道兩側(cè)、再向?yàn)I水區(qū)域發(fā)展的過(guò)程。研究團(tuán)隊(duì)通過(guò)圖像繪制、記錄和分類(lèi)等工作，呈現(xiàn)了吉澳漁村建筑的一種“流動(dòng)”狀態(tài)——雖具有物理實(shí)存的特性，卻難以捉摸其既有形式或純粹的美學(xué)定式。研究期望通過(guò)民族志的視角解讀香港城郊海岸住宅及其建筑類(lèi)型，從時(shí)間特性——而非傳統(tǒng)的物質(zhì)材料——來(lái)重新思考住宅的物質(zhì)特性，重新認(rèn)識(shí)建筑與自然之間的辯證關(guān)系，從而將水陸之間的空間作為一種激發(fā)建筑轉(zhuǎn)型和公眾參與的媒介，為利用景觀途徑進(jìn)行可持續(xù)建筑設(shè)計(jì)提供新思路。

關(guān)鍵詞

香港；漁村；疍家人；漁民住宅；水陸關(guān)系；水漾之家

Abstract

Liquid Homes: Building, Living and Other Stories of Hong Kong Fishing Villages is a research, curatorial, and design collaboration that explores the culture of Tanka people and their fluid state of living and building, presenting stories from a long overdue reading of the other Hong Kong. This essay, as an ongoing work, intends to reflect on our recent observations of the houses in Kat O fishing village by documenting the self-built additions in relation to the surrounding topography and water environment. These findings evoke an understanding of houses as “amphibious creatures” of hybrid qualities riding on the seams between land and water, and denote the notion of homes as “fluid entities”—physical yet elusive, subject to the floating identity of the community. The research intends to offer an ethnographic reading of Hong Kong coastal settlements and their building typologies, rethink building materialities by their temporal qualities and beyond the physical matter, and imagine a renewed reading on the dialectical relation between the built and the natural, and propose new ways to design sustainable architecture through the landscape.

Keywords

Hong Kong; Fishing Village; Tanka People; Fishermen Houses; Water-Land Relationship; Liquid Homes