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俞孔堅?三大創(chuàng)新策略綜合解決雄安新區(qū)的水問題——《景觀設(shè)計學(xué)》2018年第4期“主編寄語”
Three Comprehensive and Innovative Strategies to Solve the Water Problems in Xiong’an New District, By Yu Kongjian
建設(shè)雄安新區(qū)是中國的一項重大決策部署，其建設(shè)目標(biāo)應(yīng)體現(xiàn)“藍(lán)綠交織、清新明亮、水城共融的生態(tài)城市”理念，成為生態(tài)文明與美麗中國夢的典范。雄安新區(qū)目前面臨嚴(yán)重的生態(tài)問題，尤其是水問題，對實現(xiàn)美好城市的目標(biāo)提出嚴(yán)峻挑戰(zhàn)，同時也是中國向世界展示其生態(tài)文明建設(shè)成就及卓越智慧的極好機遇。中國自然科學(xué)基金針對建設(shè)安全韌性的雄安新區(qū)，啟動了2017年第四期應(yīng)急項目，其中包含了《雄安新區(qū)生態(tài)安全格局構(gòu)建及保護(hù)策略研究》①。
1 挑戰(zhàn)與機遇：雄安新區(qū)建設(shè)目標(biāo)及其面臨的世界性難題
雄安新區(qū)面臨諸多以水為核心的嚴(yán)峻生態(tài)環(huán)境問題，包括：
水資源問題：連年干旱缺水，白洋淀每年依賴“輸液式”水資源補給；
水安全問題：季節(jié)性降雨，旱澇不測；九河下梢，洪澇風(fēng)險非常嚴(yán)峻；
水環(huán)境問題：為華北平原污染匯聚之地，污染嚴(yán)重，富營養(yǎng)程度高；
水生態(tài)問題：近?50?年來，白洋淀生態(tài)惡化，生物多樣性大大下降；
水文化問題：與淀共生的鄉(xiāng)土文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)不當(dāng)，文化景觀特色喪失。
這些問題的存在向?qū)崿F(xiàn)雄安新區(qū)的建設(shè)目標(biāo)提出了嚴(yán)峻挑戰(zhàn)。同時，我們也必須認(rèn)識到，水資源短缺、洪澇災(zāi)害、水質(zhì)污染、水生態(tài)破壞等一系列以水為核心的生態(tài)問題，也是世界性難題。
2 反思工業(yè)文明的問題解決之道：雄安新區(qū)的“現(xiàn)代化”陷阱
西方工業(yè)文明關(guān)于城市建設(shè)的理念和技術(shù)為人類發(fā)展做出了巨大貢獻(xiàn)，為我們規(guī)劃設(shè)計好雄安新區(qū)提供了豐富的經(jīng)驗積累；同時，工業(yè)文明的城市建設(shè)理念和人地關(guān)系處理方法也留下了許多教訓(xùn)，其中關(guān)于水問題的解決之道往往依賴諸如灰色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施等封閉式、集中式、單一功能導(dǎo)向的工程化模式，然而其結(jié)果往往是給自然系統(tǒng)帶來副作用，導(dǎo)致其自我調(diào)節(jié)能力和抗風(fēng)險能力下降，系統(tǒng)韌性的降低使人與自然關(guān)系進(jìn)入惡性循環(huán)。
雄安新區(qū)的建設(shè)，應(yīng)該對這些教訓(xùn)和反思給予足夠的重視，并避免重蹈覆轍。課題組認(rèn)為，在解決以水為核心的生態(tài)環(huán)境問題時，雄安新區(qū)的規(guī)劃（以下簡稱《規(guī)劃》）應(yīng)在以下幾個方面規(guī)避工業(yè)化和“現(xiàn)代化”陷阱：
（1）水資源：《規(guī)劃》計劃從黃河調(diào)水兩億立方米，從南水北調(diào)中線調(diào)水一億立方米，注入白洋淀。盡管此舉可以解決水資源短缺問題，但反而加劇了其他區(qū)域的水資源短缺問題，這會使雄安新區(qū)成為廣大華北平原上的一個水資源“黑洞”。
（2）水安全：《規(guī)劃》采取城區(qū)集中排澇、環(huán)城高筑200年一遇暴雨事件防洪堤的方式來進(jìn)行封閉式集中防洪，此舉成本高、韌性差、潛在風(fēng)險高。這些水安全防控模式未能體現(xiàn)生態(tài)文明理念下的人水和諧、藍(lán)綠交織、水城相融的理念。
（3）水環(huán)境：《規(guī)劃》提出通過大面積清淤的方式來解決白洋淀的污染問題，加上開挖湖區(qū)，預(yù)計需投資1 000多億人民幣。這種簡單粗暴的水環(huán)境治理工程，不但可能破壞原有的白洋淀生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，而且可持續(xù)性差，極有可能投入巨大而無經(jīng)濟回報。
（4）水生態(tài)：《規(guī)劃》將白洋淀定位為“自然保護(hù)區(qū)”乃至保護(hù)級別更高的“國家公園”，為了修復(fù)白洋淀的生態(tài)環(huán)境，淀區(qū)核心地帶計劃遷出8個村莊，總遷移人口約20 000人。這種為保護(hù)而保護(hù)的做法，沒有充分尊重白洋淀作為文化景觀的歷史和事實——文化景觀是人與自然長期和諧共生而形成的景觀類型。白洋淀作為歷史上的蓄滯洪區(qū)，其居民的生產(chǎn)生活是白洋淀生態(tài)過程中不可或缺的組成部分，也是白洋淀文化遺產(chǎn)產(chǎn)生和存在的基礎(chǔ)，也必將成為未來雄安新區(qū)市民生態(tài)游憩活動的主要區(qū)域。一味追求生態(tài)保護(hù)和修復(fù)而排斥人的活動，是沒有意義的，也是代價高昂且不可持續(xù)的。
（5）水文化：《規(guī)劃》的集中封閉式防洪大堤，以及白洋淀作為“自然保護(hù)區(qū)”和“國家公園”的定位，將人的活動與淀和水隔離，也將城與水隔離，未能體現(xiàn)“清新明亮、水城共融的生態(tài)城市”理念，也湮沒了具有獨特歷史文化價值的白洋淀文化景觀。
3 基于生態(tài)文明理念的三大創(chuàng)新策略
基于上述認(rèn)識，課題組通過對區(qū)域水生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的格局、過程和歷史發(fā)展進(jìn)行詳細(xì)調(diào)研，并深入研究和汲取了中國五千年的傳統(tǒng)生態(tài)智慧，特別是洪泛區(qū)水適應(yīng)性城市和景觀策略，結(jié)合當(dāng)代國際先進(jìn)的生態(tài)治水理念與方法，提出綜合解決雄安新區(qū)水問題的三大創(chuàng)新策略：
3.1 格局策略：“海綿國土、城水相依”的開放式生態(tài)防洪與水資源管理
基于國土生態(tài)安全格局的分析，構(gòu)建“一心、九廊、四大堤內(nèi)濕地”的海綿系統(tǒng)，實現(xiàn)區(qū)域開放式的生態(tài)防洪和水資源管理格局；避免城－水隔離、田－水隔離的對抗式防洪模式，從區(qū)域上緩解雄安新區(qū)的防洪壓力，并實現(xiàn)雨洪的資源化利用，有效補充地下水；節(jié)省投資，并以水為主導(dǎo)生態(tài)要素，充分尊重自然過程，全面改善水生態(tài)環(huán)境，營造優(yōu)美的區(qū)域大地景觀。
（1）“一心”為白洋淀：維持白洋淀現(xiàn)有的低標(biāo)準(zhǔn)防洪堤，恢復(fù)白洋淀作為蓄滯洪區(qū)和生產(chǎn)性濕地的功能。
（2）“九廊”為府河等“八條入淀、一條出淀”的河流生態(tài)廊道：兩岸河堤恢復(fù)其自然形態(tài)，退田還濕（保留其生產(chǎn)性濕地的功能，可以通過生態(tài)補償?shù)姆绞浇鉀Q低概率洪澇災(zāi)害帶來的糧食生產(chǎn)損失），構(gòu)建由大量荷田濕地及河灘林地構(gòu)成的漫灘生態(tài)廊道。根據(jù)居民點具體高程狀況，進(jìn)行差別化防洪，圍繞村鎮(zhèn)小范圍建堤（防洪堤2~3m高足矣）。通過在河漫灘構(gòu)建分散式的濕地和林地，形成沿季節(jié)性河流分布的“海綿”系統(tǒng)，滯蓄雨洪資源，補充地下水，削減洪峰。
（3）“一環(huán)”為環(huán)白洋淀堤內(nèi)寬度不低于1.2km的生態(tài)公園帶（包含眾多生物棲息地與鄉(xiāng)土文化遺產(chǎn)）：此淀區(qū)部分在歷史上曾是滯洪區(qū)，后因開墾耕地而被侵占。修復(fù)后的生態(tài)公園帶既可以作為城市內(nèi)澇的排泄區(qū)和滯洪區(qū)，也可以為當(dāng)?shù)鼐用駹I造環(huán)淀休閑空間。
（4）“四大堤內(nèi)濕地”為生態(tài)公園帶內(nèi)的4個經(jīng)過人工修復(fù)的濕地：這些區(qū)域在歷史上頻繁受淹，后被圍墾在堤內(nèi)。4個濕地都在原有低洼地形的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行修復(fù)，它們與城市相依而生的同時，也形成具有活力的休閑區(qū)。修復(fù)后的濕地調(diào)蓄容量預(yù)計將達(dá)一億立方米。這樣既解決防洪安全，又形成服務(wù)于人民的親水界面，從而修正目前《規(guī)劃》的城水隔離的對抗姿態(tài)。
研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，在開放式生態(tài)防洪模式下，白洋淀及入淀河流廊道周邊的低洼地帶皆可作為潛在的蓄滯洪區(qū)，最大滯蓄容量將達(dá)25億立方米，白洋淀下游的潛在蓄滯洪區(qū)最大滯蓄容量可達(dá)20億立方米，兩者合計45億立方米，足以應(yīng)對約43億立方米的百年一遇暴雨事件入淀洪水量。對于更大規(guī)模的區(qū)域洪水，亦可通過淀-庫-滯洪區(qū)聯(lián)防調(diào)控以及重點地區(qū)的差別化堤防建設(shè)進(jìn)行應(yīng)對。
3.2 形態(tài)策略：“多塘串聯(lián)，水城交融”的分散式洪澇適應(yīng)性街區(qū)
策略的核心是分散式雨洪管理模式，通過就地填挖方平衡，形成多塘濕地，構(gòu)建街區(qū)排澇單元和具有韌性的內(nèi)澇適應(yīng)性海綿城市形態(tài)；同時，結(jié)合宜居性考慮，使外來的凈水穿城，構(gòu)建城水交融的生態(tài)宜居城市形態(tài)。
（1）構(gòu)建以街區(qū)為單位的洪澇適應(yīng)性城市：汲取中國洪泛區(qū)建城的水中有城、城中有水的傳統(tǒng)智慧，建立分散式的防洪排澇系統(tǒng)。通過就地填挖方平衡，使城市組團高地與低洼水塘濕地交替分布，抬高道路交通與建設(shè)用地，讓道路成為分區(qū)防洪排澇的界堤，讓水塘成為內(nèi)部消化雨澇的滯蓄區(qū)，從而實現(xiàn)街區(qū)化的外防（洪）內(nèi)蓄（澇）的單元格局。同時，汲取白洋淀當(dāng)?shù)仄轿蓓數(shù)姆篮橹腔郏瑢⒔ㄖ讓蛹芸罩?2.5m標(biāo)高（架空4m左右），將二樓裙房連為一體，成為城市的第二街道層，在滿足社區(qū)活動空間需求的同時，達(dá)到200年一遇防洪要求。
（2）凈水穿城，水城交融：在嚴(yán)重缺水的現(xiàn)實下，調(diào)水濟城是必要的，但水是可以被多次使用的。依照《規(guī)劃》，“南水北調(diào)中線工程”與“引黃入冀補淀工程”每天將為新城輸送水資源100萬立方米，輸送來的清水先引入城區(qū)的方塘和街區(qū)綠道，使凈水常年穿城，再依次進(jìn)入堤內(nèi)濕地和堤外的白洋淀。這樣，一方面可以大大提升新城的親水性，另一方面也可以克服新城面臨的季節(jié)性旱澇矛盾，最終實現(xiàn)“清新明亮，水城交融”的宜居城市形態(tài)。據(jù)初步計算，在此模式下，每個街區(qū)內(nèi)部的“海綿”空間至少可消納1 000m3的城市徑流，即可應(yīng)對20年一遇的24小時暴雨事件；而配合堤內(nèi)濕地系統(tǒng)的2 500萬立方米調(diào)蓄容積，亦可從容應(yīng)對50年一遇的24小時暴雨事件，使新區(qū)具有高度洪澇自適應(yīng)性。
3.3 過程策略：“化污為肥，營養(yǎng)循環(huán)”，形成將水質(zhì)凈化與綠色能源生產(chǎn)相結(jié)合的閉合式營養(yǎng)鏈
將白洋淀的功能定位從“自然保護(hù)區(qū)”回歸為當(dāng)?shù)匾蜒永m(xù)千年的生產(chǎn)性濕地文化景觀，以白洋淀盛產(chǎn)的蘆葦為媒介，在自然凈化白洋淀水質(zhì)的同時進(jìn)行生物質(zhì)燃料的資源化利用，既減少了燃煤消耗，緩解了空氣污染，也有助于形成水生態(tài)修復(fù)、環(huán)境保護(hù)與綠色能源生產(chǎn)相結(jié)合的產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈，再現(xiàn)獨特的淀區(qū)鄉(xiāng)土文化景觀。
據(jù)計算，每千噸蘆葦可移除14.7噸的氮和0.72噸的磷，用作生物質(zhì)燃料可代替燃煤883噸，減少SO2排放量2.67噸。目前淀區(qū)每年可生產(chǎn)蘆葦10萬噸，如果充分利用，年均可吸收氮1 470噸、磷72噸，用作生物質(zhì)燃料可代替燃煤8.83萬噸，減少SO2排放量267噸。以白洋淀目前的水質(zhì)為基礎(chǔ)，在嚴(yán)控污染排放的前提下，經(jīng)過約三年時間，即可通過蘆葦?shù)淖匀粌艋瘜⒛壳暗韮?nèi)的劣Ⅴ類水質(zhì)提升到地表水標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的Ⅲ類水。此外，通過將污水處理廠與人工濕地相結(jié)合的方式來凈化雄安新區(qū)的城市生活污水，可以大大節(jié)約能源消耗。
注釋
①本文由國家自然科學(xué)基金應(yīng)急項目《安全韌性雄安新區(qū)構(gòu)建的理論方法與策略研究》的初步成果整理而成。總課題為《安全韌性雄安新區(qū)構(gòu)建的理論方法與策略研究》，課題總負(fù)責(zé)人：中國城市科學(xué)研究會理事長仇保興；子課題《雄安新區(qū)生態(tài)安全格局構(gòu)建及保護(hù)策略研究》，課題負(fù)責(zé)人：北京大學(xué)建筑與景觀設(shè)計學(xué)院教授俞孔堅；參與研究人員：賀敏、任佰強、劉偉、王秦喬丹、安凌翰。
The construction of the Xiong’an New District is a major moment for China’s urban development. Its construction targets reflect a vision that “blue-green intertwined, fresh and bright, eco-city blending water with the city,” as a model of Ecological Civilization and the Beautiful China dream. Xiong’an New District is currently facing serious ecological challenges, especially with water. It is also an excellent opportunity for China to show its extraordinary knowledge in ecological construction to the world. In 2017, the National Natural Foundation of China launched the fourth emergency project for security and resilience in the Xiong’an New District. This initiative included the Research on Xiong’an New District’s Ecological Security Pattern Construction and Protection Strategy①.
1 Challenges and Opportunities: Construction Targets and Challenges for the Xiong’an New District
The Xiong’an New District faces many serious water environmental problems including years of drought and water shortage. The Baiyangdian Lake relies on an “infusion” water supply every year, while seasonal rainfall bringing unpredictable droughts and floods in the Haihe basin. The region is also where pollution is concentrated in the North China Plain, which causes serious pollution and eutrophication problems. In the past 50 years, the ecological system of the Baiyangdian Lake area has deteriorated as biodiversity has declined. The ecological degradation has also affected the local cultural landscape of the lake. Together, these issues have posed challenges to the construction targets of the Xiong’an New District. Similarly, water shortages, flood risks, water pollution, and hydrological damage are also global problems.
2 Rethinking Industrial Problem Solving: The “Modernization” Trap
The urban construction technologies adopted from the industrialization in western countries have made great contributions to human and societal development and provided rich planning knowledge for the design of the Xiong’an New District. At the same time, urban industrial construction has relied on closed, centralized, and single-function-oriented engineering models such as gray infrastructure. This decency has caused changes in the ability of natural systems to self-adjust.
The Xiong’an New District construction should avoid repeating these mistakes, and solutions to water-based ecological problems should avoid the trap of modern industrialization through the following:
1) Water resources: The plan diverts 200 million cubic meters of water from the Yellow River and 100 million cubic meters from the South-to-North Water Transfer Project to the Baiyangdian Lake. This will aggravate water shortage in neighboring regions, causing the Xiong’an New District to become a “black hole” in the vast North China Plain.
2) Water safety: The plan includes centralized drainage in the urban area and a 200-year flood event control levee. This will increase the cost of the project and the potential risk of flooding. Rather, water controls should reflect a harmony between humans and water, blue and green, and the integration of water and cities.
3) Water environment: The plan proposes addressing the Baiyangdian Lake pollution through large-scale dredging. An estimated 100 billion RMB will be invested in the dredging and excavation of the lake. This crude treatment may damage the original ecosystem of the lake area, and is problematic as it may not result in an economic return.
4) Water ecology: The plan designates the Baiyangdian Lake as a “nature reserve”and a “national park”with a high level of protection. To remediate the ecology of the Baiyangdian Lake area, eight villages with a migrant population of 20,000 people will be relocated. This method of “protection for protection” does not respect the history of the Baiyangdian Lake as a cultural landscape formed through the long-term coexistence of man and nature. The production and living of the residents in the Baiyangdian Lake area is an indispensable part of the lake’s ecological processes because it is the source of the Baiyangdian Lake’s cultural heritage. The site is supposed to accommodate future ecological and recreational activities of the Xiong’an New District’s citizens. The pursuit of ecological protection and restoration that excludes human activities is meaningless, costly, and unsustainable.
5) Water culture: Creating a centralized closed flood control embankment and positioning the Baiyangdian Lake as a“nature reserve” and “national park” will isolate the lake area from people and the city. Failing to reflect the concept of an “eco-city integrated with bright and clean water,” it will also annihilate the cultural landscape of the Baiyangdian Lake.
3 Three Innovation Strategies Based on the Concept of Ecological Civilization
Based on the understanding above, the research team conducted detailed research on China’s 5,000-year traditional ecological wisdom, especially water-adaptive urban and landscape strategies for flooded areas. Along with contemporary ecological water management, three innovative strategies could comprehensively solve the water problems of the Xiong’an New District:
3.1 Patterning Strategy: Open Ecological Flood Control and Water Resources Management Integrating the City with a Sponge System
Based on ecological security patterns, a sponge system of “One Heart, Nine Corridors, One Ring, and Four Wetlands in the Levees” is built for regional ecological flood control and water resources management. Anti-flooding urban-water and field-water isolation infrastructures need to be replaced with eco-solutions, to alleviate regional flood control pressure on the Xiong’an New District. This will better utilize rainwater and help replenish groundwater. With water as a driving ecological factor, a series of water quality improving measures are developed to create a beautiful regional landscape.
1) Baiyangdian Lake as the “One Heart” maintain the existing low flood-control embankment in the lake area and restore it as a retention area and a productive wetland.
2) The “Nine Corridors” refer to the eight rivers that flow into Baiyangdian Lake and one river out. The river system includes levees on the river banks that will be deconstructed to allow the river to return to its natural form as a productive wetland. With this restoration, the loss in food production will result in newly productive wetlands and riverain forests. According to the specific elevation of the residential areas, flood control embankments will be built at two to three meters in height to proctect the surrounding villages. Scattered wetlands and woodlands will help form a sponge system of seasonal rivers that replenish groundwater and reduce flooding.
3) “One Ring” is a 1.2 kilometer wide ecological habitat belt around the Baiyangdian Lake Dike. This part of the lake was a flood retention area that was later converted to cultivated lands. The restored ecological park belt will serve as a drainage and flood retention area for the city, and a recreational destination for the local residents.
4) The “Four Wetlands in the Levees” are four artificially restored wetlands within the ecological belt: these are areas that have been frequently flooded and confined within levees. The storage capacity of the restored wetlands is expected to reach 100 million cubic meters and supply spaces for leisure and recreational activities within the community. This ensures flood prevention by alleviating urban-water isolation.
3.2 Morphological Strategy: A Pond System and Water-City Blending in the Decentralized Floodplains and Stormwater Adaptive Neighborhoods
The core strategy is to decentralize stormwater management through cut-and-fill to form multi-pond wetlands, drainage blocks, and resilient sponge city. The plan also considers livability with externally clean water passing through the city to create ecologically livable urban forms that blends the city with water.
1) Construct flood-adaptable city blocks: Establish a decentralized flood control system based on traditional knowledge through in-situ cut and fill, alternate urban highland groups, and distributed low-lying ponds. Design roads to be elevated boundary levees for divisional flood control and drainage that can also absorb on-site rainfall to create a unit storage pattern at a neighborhood scale; Raise the bottom of the building overhead to an elevation of 12.5 meters and make the second-floor level connected into a sort of city street while meeting the needs of a 200-year flood prevention.
2) Blend water and city: During periods of severe water shortages, it is necessary to transfer water to the city where it can be used multiple times. The “South-to-North Water Transfer Middle Line Project” and the “Yellow River Diversion to Replenish Baiyangdian Lake Project” will together transport one million cubic meters of water per day to the new city. The clean water will be introduced into the pond network and green urban streets to ensure perennial clean water throughout the city. The water will then move through the Baiyangdian Lake outside the embankment. This diversion will greatly improve water quality and mitigate seasonal drought and flooding to form a livable city. According to preliminary calculations, the sponge on each block will absorb at least 1,000 cubic meters of urban runoff, enough to withstand a 20-year rainstorm event for 24 hours. With an additional 25 million cubic meters of capacity, the wetland system within the embankment could easily cope with a 50-year rainstorm event for 24 hours.
3.3 Processing Strategy: Contamination to Fertilizer through a Closed Nutrition Chain that Combines Water Purification and Green Energy Production
The function of the Baiyangdian Lake will transform from a nature reserve to a productive wetland and a cultural landscape that has been developing for over a thousand years. The native reeds will purify the water of the lake while generating biomass fuel. This will not only reduce coal consumption and alleviate air pollution, but also help form an industrial chain that combines water, ecological restoration, environmental protection, and green energy production to reintroduce the unique local cultural landscape of the Xiong’an New District.
Based on initial calculations, 14.7 tons of nitrogen and 0.72 tons of phosphorus can be removed from the water by every 1,000 tons of reeds, and the biomass created can replace 883 tons of coal and reduce SO2 emissions 2.67 tons. The lake area currently produces 100,000 tons of reeds per year. If fully utilized, it can absorb 1,470 tons of nitrogen and 72 tons of phosphorus per year. The biomass fuel created can replace 88,300 tons of coal and reduce SO2 emissions by 267 tons. The current water quality of the Baiyangdian Lake can be upgraded to a Class III Surface Water Standard through the natural purification of the reeds in about three years. In addition, municipal sewage in the Xiong’an New District can be purified by combining sewage treatment plants with constructed wetlands to save energy consumption.
Note
1This article is developed under a primary research subject, Theoretical Methods and Strategies for the Construction of Security and Resilience in the Xiong’an New District. The General Director of the project: Qiu Baoxing, Chairman of Chinese Society of Urban Studies. The article is an excerpt of one of the sub-subjects, Research on the Ecological Security Pattern Construction and Protection Strategies of the Xiong’an New District; Project Director: Yu Kongjian, Professor at the College of Architecture and Landscape of Peking University; Research team: He Min, Ren Baiqiang, Liu Wei, Wang-Qin Qiaodan, and An Linghan.
地址：北京市海淀區(qū)中關(guān)村北大街100號（北樓）北京大學(xué)建筑與景觀設(shè)計學(xué)院一層 Email：info@landscape.cn
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