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《景觀設計學》2017年第4期

作者：

祝明建（Mingjian ZHU），陳顯堯（Xianyao CHEN），李國勝（Guosheng LI）等

類別：

景觀

出版社：

高等教育出版社有限公司

出版時間：

2017年8月

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俞孔堅?海岸帶景觀
——《景觀設計學》2017年第4期“主編寄語”
Coastal Landscapes
By Kongjian Yu

海岸線（帶）是最清晰而又最不確定的景觀。據《圣經?舊約》記載，上帝在創造了晝夜、空氣之后，在第三天創造了海洋和陸地的分界線：

“神說，天下的水要聚在一處，使旱地露出來。事就這樣成了。”

于是，世界就一分為二，水聚為海，旱地為陸。在中國的五行中，水、土被認為是完全對立和相克的兩種元素。因此，當兩者在空間上相遇時，一條清晰的邊界產生了——這便是海岸線。每一條海岸線在世界地圖上都清晰可辨；且對許多生命來說，這條線更是明確的生命底線，跨越它，便意味著死亡。

很久以前，我就有一個夢想——沿海岸線徒步行走，一只腳踏在水里，另一只腳踏在陸上，就這樣走遍祖國的海岸線。漸漸地我發現，這個夢想太遙遠。因為在現實中，海岸線是隨潮漲潮落而變化的，正如人不能兩次踏進同一條河流，人也不可能兩次踏上同一條海陸分界線。我們在地圖上看到的海岸線，在現實中卻是一條難以界定的海陸過渡帶——一條非確定的線。如果從學術定義來認識這條帶，其寬度可達幾公里，甚至上百公里不等。

海岸線（帶）的不確定性還體現在其處在海洋與陸地之間不間斷的、此消彼長的變幻之中：海水的侵蝕和搬運帶來岸線的流變；火山爆發帶來的熔漿塑造出新的岸線；黃河入海口每年都向海洋延伸數公里；地震和海嘯會瞬間摧毀防波堤，將陸地與海水的邊界重新劃定……這些都使得海岸線更加變幻莫測。古人用“滄海桑田”一詞來描繪這種變化，可謂再生動不過！

海岸線（帶）是地球上一條雖豐富多樣但也異常脆弱的景觀帶。這里是海陸兩種元素交融“相生”，而非“相克”的交錯帶，其處于一種精妙的平衡狀態中。這種交錯和平衡體現在水量、鹽分和營養物濃度有規律的變化之中，以及海陸之間空氣的流通、溫度的變化和降雨量的分布之中。因而產生了與之相適應的獨特而豐富的生物群落：在潮間帶繁衍生長的紅樹林；隨潮水漲落而遷移的貝類生物和魚類；在陸地產卵、海里生活的海龜；以及在海陸之間穿行的海鳥。正如海龜會在相同的繁殖季爬上同一海岸來產卵，也會因為微妙的水溫和夜光的差異調整其上岸的時間，海陸之間這些看似變化莫測的狀態，實際上處于一種以千萬年為計量單位的動態的平衡之中，其微妙程度超乎人類的想象。

海岸線（帶）是最浪漫也是最危險的景觀。我常常幻想這樣的場景：因為氣候和環境的巨大變化，一群直立人離開可怖的草原，選擇沿著海岸帶走出非洲，沿途星空皎潔、水面如鏡、沙灘平坦、視野開闊、氣溫宜人，食物豐富且容易獲得。這種久遠的對于海岸帶的偏好，在人類的基因里烙下了深深的印記。海岸帶景觀往往與海灘、陽光聯系在一起，是浪漫的代名詞。這種浪漫產生于人們對未知彼岸和海底世界的憧憬，愛情、財富及長生不老是與海洋相關的永恒主題，如安徒生童話中的美人魚、中國神話中的海底龍宮。但這種浪漫的泡沫往往被現實的殘酷所打破——在2004年的圣誕節假期，印度洋海嘯吞噬了在熱帶海岸享受浪漫假日的20余萬人的生命。而年復一年發生的熱帶風暴所造成的生命財產損失，每年都在以驚人速度增長。

放眼當下和未來，由于全球范圍內的氣候變化，海岸帶景觀不僅面臨著更多的風險和悲劇，其最值得珍惜的特質也在不斷被損害。沿海防波堤早已打破了自然狀態下海陸交融的微妙平衡，成為海水與陸地間“你死我活”的邊界，大量環境敏感型生命已不復存在；來自陸地的污水和垃圾源源不斷地傾入大海，使海陸交錯帶中的生命逐漸沉寂；六車道的沿海快速公路，將原本充滿想象的、變化莫測的海岸帶變得清晰明了、索然無味；千篇一律的海灘度假酒店更是扼殺了人們對于海岸的浪漫憧憬。

如果說人類只有一個地球的話，那么人類也只有一條海岸帶！讓我們珍惜海岸帶的清晰和不確定性，懂得其稀有和脆弱性，善待其豐富的自然和生命存在，多留下一些浪漫的遠方！

Coastlines (and coastal zones) are simultaneously the clearest and most uncertain landscapes. In the Old Testament of the Bible, God created the divide between land and sea on the third day, proceeded only after the creation of light and darkness, and firmament:

“And God said, Let the waters under the heaven be gathered together unto one place, and let the dry land appear: and it was so.”

In this origin story the world is divided into two, water gathered for the sea and dry land for land. In China, of the Wu Xing (Five Elements), earth and water are opposites meant to restrain each other. Thus, when they meet in space, the boundary between earth and water is clear; it is the coastline. This unmistakable divide is starkly mapped. For people and many other forms of life, this line is the edge between surviving and perishing.

I had a dream long time ago that I could walk along the coastline with one foot in the water and the other on land, and finally walk over the entire coastline of China, my motherland. I knew this dream was unrealistic: the coastline is ever-changing with the fluctuation of tides, and it is impossible to set foot on the same boundary between water and land twice. The coastline that we understand as a clear boundary through maps is an uncertain transitional zone between sea and land. This line (or belt) can reach a width of a few meters or several kilometers according to its academic definition.

The uncertainty of the coastlines (and coastal zones) is reflected in the changes between water and land. The coastline can change through erosion and sediment deposits, from fossils deposited through volcanic eruption, from alluvial through estuary extension — as is the case with the Yellow River estuary which extends several kilometers to the sea every year. Earthquakes, tsunamis, and other shocks can instantly destroy floodwalls and redefine the area between land and sea. These phenomena make the coastline change unpredictable, as an old saying goes, “With time, seas change into croplands and croplands change into seas.”

Coastlines (and coastal zones) are also the most diverse and fragile landscapes on Earth. They are not the datum through which the opposition of earth and water are measured, but an interwoven zone of reinforcement for the two elements. It is a delicately balanced space reflected in regular changes in water volume, concentrations of salt and nutrients, the flow of wind, and changes in the temperature and rainfall. These variations produce distinctive and rich biocenoses: intertidal mangroves, tidal migrations of shellfish and fish, sea turtles that lay eggs on the land and live in the sea, and seabirds that shuttle between sea and land. These seemingly unpredictable states of neither land nor sea are dynamic processes that are balanced if measured in millions of years. Their subtlety — such as turtles that lay their eggs on the same beaches at the same time every year but adjust their timing based on light and temperature changes — is beyond human imagination.

Coastlines (and coastal zones) are also the most romantic and most dangerous landscapes. I often imagine how the Homo erectus had to leave the dry grassland and head towards the coast, due to the huge impact by climate and environmental changes. Along their way, there were open view of clean and star-bright night, mirror-like waters, flat beach, pleasant temperatures, and plenty of readily-available food. Humans have long shown a preference for the temperate environments of the coastal zone, for which we associated these spaces with the beach, sunshine, and a romancing of the unknown other shore and underwater world. Love, treasure, and longevity are the eternal themes of the sea, from Hans Christian Andersen’s fairytales to the Dragon Palace in Chinese myths. These romantic bubbles are often broken by cruel tragedies. The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami killed more than two hundred thousand people along a tropical coast, and year after year the loss of life and property brought about by tropical storms is growing.

Today and into the future — due to global climate change — the most cherished qualities of the coastal landscapes are also at risk of being lost. Coastal breakwaters which have mediated the delicate balance of the land and sea are threatened and a large number of environmentally sensitive species have already been destroyed; lives living in the coastal zone also disappear because of sewage, trash, and other waste dumped into the sea; multi-lane expressways made the unpredictable coastal zone once full of imagination become unmistakably boring; and the artificial structures on the beach with a same looking have broken people’s romantic imagination of the coast we desired to experience.

We only have one earth and we only have one coastline. Let us cherish the clarity and uncertainty of the coast, to learn from both its rarity and vulnerability, to treat well its natural resources and diverse creatures, and to let it remain a romantic other shore.

Translated by Sara JACOBS Angus ZHANG